Information theory - Quiz
Information theory
  • 1. What are pseudorandom number generators in computer language libraries almost universally unsuited for?
A) Gambling
B) Bioinformatics
C) Seismic exploration
D) Cryptographic use
  • 2. What must cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators have to work as intended?
A) Integrated neural clusters
B) Analog processing methods
C) Random seeds external to the software
D) High Shannon entropy
  • 3. How can random seeds for pseudorandom generators be obtained?
A) Via extractors
B) By using semiotic signs
C) Via digital noise
D) Through Shannon entropy
  • 4. What is the measure of sufficient randomness in extractors?
A) Free energy
B) Min-entropy
C) Dynamic core hypothesis
D) Effective information
  • 5. Min-entropy is related to Shannon entropy through which other type of entropy?
A) Algorithmic entropy
B) Conditional entropy
C) Thermal entropy
D) Rényi entropy
  • 6. Where is Rényi entropy also used?
A) In semiotic code control
B) In minimizing free energy
C) In seismic oil exploration
D) In evaluating randomness in cryptographic systems
  • 7. Does a random variable with high Shannon entropy guarantee it is satisfactory for use in an extractor?
A) No
B) Yes
C) Only in cryptographic systems
D) Only for pseudorandom numbers
  • 8. What was one early commercial application of information theory?
A) Bioinformatics
B) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
C) Black hole analysis
D) Seismic oil exploration
  • 9. What did information theory make it possible to do in seismic exploration?
A) Generate secure pseudorandom numbers
B) Decode dominant social messages
C) Strip off and separate unwanted noise from the desired seismic signal
D) Minimize free energy in the brain
  • 10. What methods offered a major improvement of resolution and image clarity over previous analog methods in seismic work?
A) Extractors and Rényi entropy
B) Information theory and digital signal processing
C) Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators
D) Free energy principles
  • 11. Which semioticians considered Charles Sanders Peirce as having created a theory of information?
A) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
B) Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi
C) Karl J. Friston and Andrey Kolmogorov
D) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 12. How did Doede Nauta define semiotic information theory?
A) The study of the internal processes of coding, filtering, and information processing
B) The measurement of sufficient randomness in extractors
C) The separation of unwanted noise from seismic signals
D) The minimization of free energy in a self-organized system
  • 13. Which semioticians used concepts like redundancy and code control to explain ideology?
A) C.E. Shannon and R.V.L. Hartley
B) Gerald Edelman and Karl J. Friston
C) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
D) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
  • 14. In semiotic explanations of ideology, how does a dominant social class emit its message?
A) Through digital signal processing of seismic signals
B) By utilizing cryptographically secure pseudorandom seeds
C) By applying the free energy principle
D) By using signs that exhibit a high degree of redundancy
  • 15. Where have quantitative information theoretic methods been applied in cognitive science?
A) To extract random numbers for cryptography
B) To analyze the integrated process organization of neural information
C) To study black holes and bioinformatics
D) To explore seismic oil deposits
  • 16. What neurological problem is linked to the analysis of neural information organization?
A) The binding problem in cognitive neuroscience
B) The problem of algorithmic complexity
C) The issue of seismic noise filtering
D) The paradox of extraterrestrial intelligence
  • 17. Whose functional clustering model and dynamic core hypothesis define an information-theoretical measure in neural processing?
A) R.V.L. Hartley and C.E. Shannon
B) Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi
C) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
D) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 18. What is Giulio Tononi's integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness based on?
A) Min-entropy
B) Seismic signal processing
C) Effective information
D) Shannon entropy
  • 19. What underlies the definition of measures in the context of neural information organization?
A) A reentrant process organization
B) Analog methods of data transmission
C) External cryptographic random seeds
D) A high degree of redundancy in signs
  • 20. What does a reentrant process organization refer to?
A) The synchronization of neurophysiological activity between groups of neuronal populations
B) The filtering of unwanted noise from desired seismic signals
C) The coding and filtering processes studied in semiotics
D) The generation of pseudorandom numbers using extractors
  • 21. Whose free energy principle (FEP) states that every adaptive change leads to a minimization of free energy?
A) Giulio Tononi
B) Charles Sanders Peirce
C) Gerald Edelman
D) Karl J. Friston
  • 22. What type of system does the free energy principle apply to?
A) An analog seismic receiver
B) A self-organized system
C) A cryptographic random number generator
D) A dominant social class
  • 23. Along with the free energy principle, what other hypothesis is mentioned in relation to statistical methods in the brain?
A) The semiotic information theory
B) The dynamic core hypothesis
C) The integrated information theory
D) The Bayesian brain hypothesis
  • 24. Which field, aside from cryptography and seismology, has applications in information theory?
A) Phrenology
B) Alchemy
C) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
D) Astrology
  • 25. Which physical phenomenon is listed alongside extraterrestrial intelligence as having applications for information theory?
A) Black holes
B) Seismic waves
C) Tectonic plates
D) Neural clusters
  • 26. What life-science field is mentioned as having applications in information theory?
A) Biomechanics
B) Biophysics
C) Biochemistry
D) Bioinformatics
  • 27. What recreational activity is listed as an application of information theory?
A) Cipher creation
B) Crosswords
C) Chess
D) Gambling
  • 28. Who is listed in the history section alongside C.E. Shannon and Andrey Kolmogorov?
A) Umberto Eco
B) Gerald Edelman
C) Doede Nauta
D) R.V.L. Hartley
  • 29. Who is mentioned in the history section alongside R.V.L. Hartley and Andrey Kolmogorov?
A) Winfried Nöth
B) C.E. Shannon
C) Giulio Tononi
D) Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 30. Who is listed in the history section alongside R.V.L. Hartley and C.E. Shannon?
A) Andrey Kolmogorov
B) Charles Sanders Peirce
C) Winfried Nöth
D) Karl J. Friston
  • 31. What is the historical figure H.P. Yockey associated with in the text?
A) Dynamic core hypothesis
B) History of information theory
C) Free energy principle
D) Integrated information theory
  • 32. What do physiological systems use information theory to exchange, process, and integrate as?
A) A brute force attack
B) A block cipher
C) A network
D) A single organ
  • 33. What do physiological systems generate alongside functions in health and disease?
A) Information theory units
B) Distinct physiological states
C) Symmetric keys
D) Unicity distances
  • 34. What does network cross-communication and regulation reveal within the organism?
A) How encryption keys are generated
B) Why brute force attacks succeed
C) Why it ceases permanently
D) How it occurs
  • 35. Which interactions are listed as applications of information-theoretic approaches in physiology?
A) One-time pad interactions
B) Cryptographic interactions
C) Enigma machine interactions
D) Cardio-respiratory interactions
  • 36. In what kind of environments is network physiology applied according to the text?
A) Extreme environments
B) Underground bunker environments
C) Cryogenic laboratory environments
D) Simulated virtual environments
  • 37. What was the name of Turing's information unit used in the Ultra project?
A) The shannon
B) The ban
C) The bit
D) The byte
  • 38. In which project was Turing's information unit used?
A) The Enigma project
B) The Venona project
C) The Ultra project
D) The Unicity project
  • 39. What German machine code was broken during World War II with the help of the ban?
A) One-time pad code
B) Enigma machine code
C) Lorenz cipher code
D) Symmetric key code
  • 40. What does information theory lead us to believe about keeping secrets?
A) It is extremely easy using symmetric keys
B) It requires no computational effort
C) It is much more difficult than it might first appear
D) It is completely impossible under any circumstances
  • 41. What kind of attack can break systems based on asymmetric or symmetric key algorithms?
A) A brute force attack
B) A network physiology attack
C) An information-theoretic attack
D) A conditional mutual attack
  • 42. What are symmetric key algorithms sometimes called?
A) Asymmetric algorithms
B) Secret key algorithms
C) Unicity distance algorithms
D) One-time pads
  • 43. What is an example of a commonly used method of symmetric key algorithms?
A) One-time pads
B) Transfer entropy
C) Block ciphers
D) Bans
  • 44. What must be used correctly even when applying information-theoretically secure methods?
A) Care
B) Brute force
C) Transfer entropy
D) Block ciphers
  • 45. Which project was able to crack the one-time pads of the Soviet Union?
A) The Venona project
B) The Network Physiology project
C) The Ultra project
D) The Enigma project
  • 46. In which type of data compression must the data be reconstructed exactly?
A) Lossless data compression
B) Rate-distortion theory
C) Channel coding
D) Lossy data compression
  • 47. What justifies the division of coding theory into compression and transmission?
A) Pragmatic information
B) Rate-distortion theory
C) Source-channel separation theorems
D) Channel resolvability
  • 48. What do source-channel separation theorems justify the use of as the universal currency for information?
A) Bytes
B) Bits
C) Distortion functions
D) Entropy
  • 49. What type of channel involves more than one transmitter?
A) The relay channel
B) The multiple-access channel
C) The broadcast channel
D) The wiretap channel
  • 50. What type of channel involves more than one receiver?
A) The wiretap channel
B) The multiple-access channel
C) The broadcast channel
D) The relay channel
  • 51. What type of channel involves intermediary helpers?
A) The relay channel
B) The wiretap channel
C) The multiple-access channel
D) The broadcast channel
  • 52. What should joint entropy not be confused with despite similar notation?
A) Kullback-Leibler divergence
B) Conditional entropy
C) Mutual information
D) Cross-entropy
  • 53. What type of space does the vector give values in for joint entropy?
A) Euclidean space
B) Product space
C) Vector space
D) Metric space
  • 54. What is the formula for self-information I(pi)?
A) -log2(pi)
B) -ln(pi)
C) log2(pi)
D) 1 / pi
  • 55. What is the entropy H relative to the surprisal of all possible symbols?
A) The geometric mean
B) The median
C) The maximum value
D) The weighted average
  • 56. If 1000 bits are transmitted and each is independently and equally likely to be 0 or 1, how much information has been transmitted?
A) 1 shannon
B) No information
C) 1000 shannons
D) 2000 bits
  • 57. In what year was Claude Shannon's paper 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication' published?
A) 1960
B) 1939
C) 1952
D) 1948
  • 58. In what decade was information theory established and formalized?
A) 1920s
B) 1940s
C) 1950s
D) 1930s
  • 59. In what context was information theory initially formed?
A) Molecular biology
B) Telecommunication
C) Quantum computing
D) Artificial intelligence
  • 60. What is the entropy of a coin flip when you already know the outcome after it has landed?
A) 0.5 bits
B) 1 bit
C) Zero
D) 2 bits
  • 61. What is an example of source coding or data compression mentioned in the text?
A) Voyager missions
B) ZIP files
C) DSL
D) Compact discs
  • 62. What is an example of channel coding mentioned in the text?
A) DSL
B) Artificial intelligence
C) ZIP files
D) Mobile phones
  • 63. Whose success was crucially impacted by information theory regarding deep space missions?
A) Hubble telescope
B) Curiosity rover
C) Apollo missions
D) Voyager missions
  • 64. Which invention's success was crucially impacted by information theory?
A) Television
B) Steam engine
C) Compact disc
D) Radio
  • 65. What technology's feasibility was made possible by information theory?
A) Airplanes
B) Electric guitars
C) Mobile phones
D) Automobiles
  • 66. What modern developments were impacted by information theory alongside artificial intelligence?
A) The Internet
B) The printing press
C) The postal service
D) The telegraph network
  • 67. Which computational paradigm is listed alongside artificial intelligence as an application of information theory?
A) Distributed computing
B) Optical computing
C) Cloud computing
D) Quantum computing
  • 68. Which of the following artistic applications is mentioned as a use case for information theory?
A) Oil painting restoration
B) Architectural drafting
C) Art creation
D) Sculpture casting
  • 69. What specific musical topic is analyzed using information theory according to the text?
A) Music
B) Acoustic room resonance
C) Musical instrument design
D) Vocal cord anatomy
  • 70. Which philosophical field is listed at the end of the text as an application area of information theory?
A) Aesthetics
B) Ethics
C) Metaphysics
D) Epistemology
  • 71. Which historian rated Shannon's 1948 paper as the most important development of 1948?
A) James Gleick
B) Harry Nyquist
C) Ralph Hartley
D) Vannevar Bush
  • 72. In what year did Shannon outline some of his initial ideas in a letter to Vannevar Bush?
A) 1928
B) 1940
C) 1939
D) 1948
  • 73. To whom did Shannon write a letter outlining initial ideas of information theory in 1939?
A) Vannevar Bush
B) Ludwig Boltzmann
C) James Gleick
D) Alan Turing
  • 74. Who wrote the 1924 paper 'Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed'?
A) Alan Turing
B) Ralph Hartley
C) Claude Shannon
D) Harry Nyquist
  • 75. What relation was given in Harry Nyquist's 1924 paper?
A) E = mc2
B) PV = nRT
C) W = K log m
D) H = log Sn
  • 76. What unit of information was sometimes called the hartley in honor of Ralph Hartley?
A) The byte
B) The decimal digit
C) The baud
D) The bit
  • 77. Who used similar ideas in 1940 as part of the statistical analysis of breaking German Enigma ciphers?
A) Ralph Hartley
B) Claude Shannon
C) Harry Nyquist
D) Alan Turing
  • 78. Who made important contributions connecting information-theoretic entropy and thermodynamic entropy in the 1960s?
A) Rolf Landauer
B) Harry Nyquist
C) James Gleick
D) Vannevar Bush
  • 79. What logarithmic base is the bit or shannon based on?
A) Natural logarithm
B) Decimal logarithm
C) Binary logarithm
D) Common logarithm
  • 80. What logarithmic base is the nat based on?
A) Base-two logarithm
B) Binary logarithm
C) Natural logarithm
D) Common logarithm
  • 81. What logarithmic base is the decimal digit based on?
A) Common logarithm
B) Natural logarithm
C) Binary logarithm
D) Base-e logarithm
  • 82. What does the maximum value of entropy represent?
A) The most unpredictable state
B) The lowest possible information content
C) The most predictable state
D) A deterministic sequence
  • 83. What logarithmic base measures entropy in bytes per symbol?
A) Base-10
B) Base-e
C) Base-256
D) Base-2
  • 84. What type of trial has two outcomes for the binary entropy function?
A) A Bernoulli trial
B) A logarithmic trial
C) A Markov trial
D) An equiprobable trial
  • 85. What is another name for conditional entropy?
A) Marginal entropy
B) Mutual information
C) Equivocation
D) Joint entropy
  • 86. What is another name for mutual information according to the text?
A) Transinformation
B) Pointwise mutual information
C) Kullback-Leibler divergence
D) Log-likelihood ratio
  • 87. In what field is mutual information particularly important for maximizing shared information between sent and received signals?
A) Quantum mechanics
B) Thermodynamics
C) Macroeconomics
D) Communication
  • 88. Mutual information can be expressed as the average of which divergence?
A) Mahalanobis distance
B) Kullback-Leibler divergence
C) Jensen-Shannon divergence
D) Euclidean distance
  • 89. With which statistical test is mutual information closely related in the context of contingency tables?
A) Shapiro-Wilk test
B) Student's t-test
C) Mann-Whitney U test
D) Log-likelihood ratio test
  • 90. What type of mathematical function is the KL divergence classified as?
A) Euclidean metric
B) Semi-quasimetric
C) Linear transformation
D) Inner product
  • 91. In the alternative interpretation involving Alice and Bob, who knows the true probability distribution p(x)?
A) Alice
B) Both
C) Bob
D) Neither
  • 92. According to the surprise interpretation, who will be more surprised on average upon seeing the value of X?
A) Alice
B) Bob
C) It is impossible to determine
D) Both will be equally surprised
  • 93. What type of set is X assumed to be when drawing a random number in the surprise interpretation?
A) A finite geometric set
B) An empty set
C) A discrete set
D) An infinite continuous set
  • 94. Does directed information apply to statistical physics?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Only in macroscopic mechanics
D) Only in quantum states
  • 95. What does the random process Xn consist of?
A) {Y1, Y2, ..., Y_n}
B) {X1, X2, ..., X_n}
C) {X1, Y1, ..., X_n, Y_n}
D) {X0, X1, ..., X_{n-1}}
  • 96. What do the two expressions for the rate give for stationary sources?
A) A result of zero
B) The same result
C) Completely different results
D) An undefined value
  • 97. How is the noise nature of the channel considered in the text?
A) An unpredictable random variable that changes constantly
B) An inherent fixed property
C) A completely controllable variable
D) A negligible factor in modern systems
  • 98. What is the crossover probability of a binary symmetric channel denoted as?
A) e
B) Hb
C) p
D) i
  • 99. What does a binary symmetric channel do to the input bit with probability p?
A) Duplicates the input bit
B) Flips the input bit
C) Delays the input bit
D) Erases the input bit
  • 100. What feature do many channels have in practice?
A) Zero capacity
B) Ternary input
C) Memory
D) Gaussian noise
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