Photovoltaics - Quiz
A) It involves thousands of tiny moving parts. B) It is exclusively done by hand without automation. C) It requires a complex assembly line with heavy machinery. D) It is simple and does not require many complex or moving parts.
A) 1 to 5 years B) 50 to 100 years C) 10 to 30 years D) 6 months to 2 years
A) By simply adding more photovoltaic components B) By painting the panels black C) By replacing silicon with copper D) By increasing the operating temperature
A) Because raw materials become free in bulk B) Because larger factories require less electricity C) Because costs decrease with increasing output D) Because smaller systems are illegal to sell
A) 50% B) 25% C) 90% D) 10%
A) Melting down copper ore into thin wires B) Weaving fiberglass sheets into a mesh C) Mixing plastic polymers with liquid glass D) Processing polysilicon from mined quartz until very pure
A) Group VII B) Group V C) Group I D) Group III
A) A p-type semiconductor rich in electron holes B) A non-conductive ceramic insulator C) An n-type semiconductor rich in free electrons D) A pure metallic conductor
A) Through centrifugal spinning B) By rapid cooling in a vacuum C) Typically using a seed crystal D) By applying high-voltage electric shocks
A) With high-powered lasers B) By chemical acid dissolution C) Using diamond-tipped scissors D) With wire saws
A) Surface etching and then cleaning B) Painting and polishing C) Melting and reshaping D) Freezing and shattering
A) A manual paintbrush B) A liquid phosphorus dip tank C) A phosphorus vapor deposition furnace D) A high-pressure spray nozzle
A) Group V B) Group IV C) Group II D) Group III
A) An n-type surface B) A p-type surface C) An isolated non-conducting surface D) A purely magnetic surface
A) To reduce energy losses B) To prevent water from touching the silicon C) To change the color of the panel to blue D) To increase the weight of the panel
A) Glass covers B) Electrical contacts C) Cooling fans D) Mounting brackets
A) They are exposed to direct sunlight for a mandatory 5-year test B) They are submerged in saltwater to test corrosion C) They are melted down again for recycling D) They are connected via electrical circuit according to specific application and prepared for shipping
A) They emit high levels of radioactive radiation B) They require continuous burning of fossil fuels to operate C) Production produces greenhouse gas emissions D) They permanently deplete the ozone layer instantly upon installation
A) Solar waste is 100% recyclable easily. B) Recycling is mandated by international law and universally practiced. C) Solar panels biodegrade naturally within weeks. D) There are no viable technologies for recycling solar waste.
A) Because human labor and water are never used in PV manufacturing B) Because companies keep this information completely secret by law C) Because the values fluctuate hourly based on the stock market D) Due to the lack of systematic and accurate analyses in the scientific literature
A) Calculating the speed of light hitting the panels B) Determining if wastes are released to the air, water, or soil C) Weighing individual photons D) Measuring the exact voltage produced by individual atoms
A) Because these are new technologies and the total environmental impact of components and disposal methods is unknown B) Because PV systems last forever and never reach the end of their lifecycle C) Because all PV manufacturers use identical proprietary secrets D) Because governments have banned life-cycle assessments
A) The aesthetic appeal of the solar farm B) Energy costs of the manufacture and/or transport C) The exact monetary profit of the manufacturing plant D) The number of workers employed in the factory
A) Total weight and melting point B) Carbon dioxide equivalents per kWh or energy pay-back time (EPBT) C) Aoe and color distortion D) Market price and resale value
A) Environment protection balance technology B) Electrical photovoltaic battery test C) Energy pay-back time D) Effective power break-even threshold
A) The timespan a PV system needs to operate to generate the same amount of energy used for its manufacture B) The time it takes for a solar panel to pay for itself in financial currency C) The time required for the sun to set and rise again D) The lifespan of the inverter before a mandatory replacement
A) Higher greenhouse gas emissions B) Higher manufacturing complexity C) Shorter operational lifespan D) Lower environmental cost of solar power
A) The brand name of the inverter and the color of the frame B) The location where the PV system is installed and the type of system C) The time of day the panels are shipped D) The political party in power in the installation country
A) Embedded energy B) Operating temperatures C) Installation angles D) Physical dimensions
A) The manufacturing of the aluminum frame B) The transport of panels via cargo ship C) The installation of mounting screws D) The refining of the polysilicon
A) Subterranean wiring and concrete foundations B) Packaging and shipping materials C) Inverters and module frame D) Manual labor and insurance fees
A) The quantity of phosphorus vapor needed B) The energy cost of manufacture C) The physical weight of silicon wafers D) The amount of quartz mined from the earth
A) Supplementary Grid Unit B) Balance of System C) Secondary Power Matrix D) Silicon Equivalent Array
A) Net energy gain (NEG) and energy returned on energy invested (EROI) B) Gross domestic product and inflation rate C) Silicon purity and wafer thickness D) Voltage drop and electrical resistance
A) The financial profit made by selling electricity back to the utility company B) The difference between the energy expended to harvest an energy source and the amount of energy gained from that harvest C) The ratio of sunlight hours to nighttime hours in a year D) The total weight of materials mined versus the weight of finished panels
A) 100 years B) 1 to 5 years C) 25 to 30 years D) 50 to 60 years
A) Rigidity B) Portability C) Scalability D) Combustibility
A) Silver B) Platinum C) Copper D) Silicon
A) Aluminum B) Carbon C) Silicon D) Silver
A) Since the 1970s B) Since 2010 C) Since the 1950s D) Since the 1990s
A) The German government B) The Chinese government C) The United States government D) The Japanese government
A) Japan B) Germany C) United States D) China
A) Preferential feed-in tariffs B) Mandatory installation fees C) Fuel subsidies D) Carbon taxes
A) Nearly five percent B) Nearly ten percent C) Nearly twenty percent D) Nearly two percent
A) First B) Third C) Fourth D) Second
A) Luigi Galvani B) Walter Sandtner C) Edmond Becquerel D) Alessandro Volta
A) The inverter B) The solar cell C) The battery D) The photovoltaic effect
A) 1849 B) 1839 C) 1994 D) 1989
A) Nikola Tesla B) Walter Sandtner C) Edmond Becquerel D) Alessandro Volta
A) A semiconductor material B) A lithium battery C) A metallic solution D) A copper cable
A) Japan B) France C) Germany D) Italy
A) Edmond Becquerel B) Heinrich Hertz C) Walter Sandtner D) Alessandro Volta
A) Tokyo B) Paris C) Bonn D) Berlin
A) 1989 B) 1849 C) 539 D) 1839
A) Average weather conditions (AWC) B) Peak solar radiation (PSR) C) Maximum load conditions (MLC) D) Standard test conditions (STC)
A) Ap B) Vp C) Wp D) Cp
A) Working power B) Watts per-hour C) Watt potential D) Watts peak
A) Urban power grids B) Commercial skyscrapers C) Large industrial factories D) Boats
A) Voltmeter only B) Multimeter exclusively C) DC clamp meter D) Oscilloscope
A) Capacitors B) Resistors C) Inductors D) Bypass diodes
A) Output current B) Optimal cell C) Operational capacitance D) Open-circuit voltage
A) Amperes B) Volts C) Ohms D) Watts
A) Watt-power B) Wired panel C) Watt-peak D) Working potential
A) 50 W B) 75 W C) 100 W D) 10 W
A) 300 W B) 1000 W C) 600 W D) 450 W
A) Photon-ionization damage B) Performance-index drop C) Potential-induced degradation D) Power-integrated device
A) Direct sunlight B) Rainwater C) Stray currents D) High temperatures
A) Phosphorus B) Silicon C) Cadmium D) Boron
A) Hundred-fold B) Twenty-fold C) Ten-fold D) Two-fold
A) Efficiency factor B) Degradation index C) Loss coefficient D) Power drop ratio
A) Crystalline silicon B) Thin-film C) Monocrystalline silicon D) Polycrystalline silicon
A) Micromorphic silicon B) Cadmium telluride C) Amorphous silicon D) CIGS
A) 500 °C B) 2000 °C C) 1500 °C D) 1000 °C
A) About 50 kilowatt-hours B) About 11 kilowatt-hours C) About 25 kilowatt-hours D) About 5 kilowatt-hours
A) 10.5% B) 18.2% C) 14.0% D) 21.5%
A) N-layer B) Front electrode C) Anti-reflection film D) P-layer
A) Second generation B) Fourth generation C) Third generation D) First generation
A) Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit B) Carnot efficiency limit C) Planck efficiency limit D) Betz efficiency limit
A) 1% B) 4.7% C) 28% D) 21%
A) 4.7% B) 1% C) 28% D) 21%
A) Less than 1 μm B) 2 mm C) 1–5 mm D) 50–150 nm
A) 30 grams B) 38 grams C) 1 gram D) Around 18 grams
A) CZTS B) CdTe C) CIGS D) Monocrystalline Si
A) Less than 1 μm B) 50–150 nm C) Around 2 mm D) 10–20 mm
A) Cadmium telluride B) Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) C) Monocrystalline Si D) Conventional Si
A) Shockley-Queisser method B) CoMoCAT method C) EPBT method D) Cradle to gate method
A) Heavy metals exclusively B) Earth abundant, nontoxic materials C) Cadmium-based materials D) Rare and toxic materials
A) CoMoCAT B) CIGS and partners C) Shockley and Queisser D) Celik et al.
A) 21% B) 4.7% C) 28% D) 1%
A) 21% B) 1% C) 28% D) 4.7%
A) ~3 times higher B) ~28 times higher C) ~18% higher D) ~18 times higher
A) Value-based pricing B) Subsidized pricing C) Fixed-rate pricing D) Cost-plus pricing
A) 2003 B) 1977 C) 2024 D) 2011
A) 100 markets B) 5 markets C) 19 markets D) 50 markets
A) Financial audits B) Assumptions C) Government approvals D) Weather data points
A) No, the USA strictly forbids any form of subsidy B) Only state governments provide subsidies, not federal C) Subsidies were abolished in the year 2000 D) Yes, the USA also subsidies the industry
A) Nationalization of energy grids B) Securitization C) International loans from the UN D) Crowdfunding platforms
A) Permanent battery storage only B) Nuclear generators C) Coal-fired power plants D) Spinning reserves as back-up
A) Tax penalties B) Extra money C) Water credits D) Free appliances
A) 5,000 B) 9,094 C) 1,845 D) 14,447 |
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