Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans in the United States - Quiz

1. What are Native Americans also known as?

A) Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders
B) Indians, American Indians, First Americans, and Indigenous Americans
C) First Nations and Inuit only
D) Aleut and Métis only

2. Which geographic regions do Native Americans primarily belong to according to the text?

A) Hawaii and Puerto Rico
B) Central and South America exclusively
C) The lower 48 states and Alaska
D) Canada and Greenland

3. How does the United States Census Bureau define 'American Indians and Alaska Natives'?

A) Anyone born in North America prior to 1492
B) All residents of United States Indian reservations
C) Only individuals registered with the Bureau of Indian Affairs
D) Anyone having origins in original peoples of North and South America who maintains tribal affiliation

4. Why does the U.S. Census Bureau not enumerate 'Native Americans' as a single category?

A) Because Native Americans refused to participate in the census
B) Because Native Americans are not considered US citizens
C) The term can encompass a broader set of groups like Native Hawaiians, which are tabulated separately
D) Because the term is legally prohibited by the federal government

5. What caused a precipitous decline in the Native American population after European colonization began in 1492?

A) Voluntary mass emigration back to Asia
B) Wars, ethnic cleansing, enslavement, and newly introduced diseases
C) Complete assimilation into European societies
D) Volcanic eruptions and severe natural famines

6. What did European settlers wage against Native American peoples as part of settler colonialism?

A) Joint ventures for land development
B) War, massacres, removal from ancestral lands, and one-sided treaties
C) Shared governance and mutual legal pacts
D) Peaceful trade agreements and cultural exchanges

7. What policy did European and U.S. policies focus on into the 20th century?

A) Economic reparations and land returns
B) Immediate granting of full statehood
C) Forced assimilation
D) Total tribal sovereignty and independence

8. How were Native American tribes considered when the United States was established?

A) Fully integrated states of the Union
B) Provinces governed directly by the British Crown
C) Foreign empires with no legal standing
D) Semi-independent nations

9. Which act ended the recognition of independent Native nations and started treating them as 'domestic dependent nations'?

A) The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
B) The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
C) The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
D) The Indian Removal Act of 1830

10. What rights were preserved by the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871?

A) Exclusive ownership of the entire United States
B) Complete exemption from all federal laws
C) A large degree of tribal sovereignty, rights, and privileges
D) The right to wage war against foreign nations

11. Which act granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans born in the US who had not yet obtained it?

A) The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
B) The Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975
C) The Civil Rights Act of 1968
D) The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871

12. What category established by the United States Constitution was emptied by the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924?

A) Stateless persons
B) Untaxed foreign entities
C) Indians not taxed
D) Non-resident aliens

13. What did the Indian Civil Rights Act comprise of?

A) The entire U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights
B) Amendments added during the New Deal era
C) Titles II through VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
D) Executive orders signed by President Franklin Roosevelt

14. Approximately how many Native Americans live in the U.S. today, and what percentage live outside reservations?

A) Ten million, with all living on reservations
B) Over five million, with about 80% living outside reservations
C) Two million, with 20% living outside reservations
D) One million, with 50% living outside reservations

15. As of 2020, which states have the highest percentage of Native Americans?

A) Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming
B) Alaska, Oklahoma, Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas
C) New York, Florida, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan
D) Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island

16. When did the history of Native Americans in the United States begin?

A) In 1830 with the passing of the Indian Removal Act
B) In 1776 with the establishment of the United States
C) Tens of thousands of years ago with the settlement of the Americas by Paleo-Indians
D) In 1492 with the arrival of Christopher Columbus

17. What was Beringia?

A) A maritime route across the Atlantic Ocean
B) An ancient city built by Mound Builders
C) A mountain range separating North and South America
D) A land bridge between Siberia and Alaska

18. When does archaeological evidence suggest Eurasian migrations to the Americas via Beringia began?

A) Around 500 years ago
B) As early as 25,000 years ago
C) During the 19th century
D) In the year 1000 BCE

19. What were some major Paleo-Indian cultures identified through unique spear points and large-game hunting?

A) Anasazi and Hohokam traditions
B) Watson Brake and Poverty Point
C) Clovis and Folsom traditions
D) Hopewell and Mississippian traditions

20. What cultural period arose around 8000 BCE as the climate stabilized?

A) The Mississippian culture
B) The Archaic stage
C) The Woodland period
D) The colonial period

21. Who created large earthworks such as Watson Brake and Poverty Point?

A) European settlers
B) The Mound Builders
C) The Clovis people
D) The Paleo-Indians

22. What tradition connected the Eastern Woodlands to the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico during the Woodland period?

A) The Folsom tradition
B) The Hopewell tradition
C) The Oasisamerica tradition
D) The Beringia tradition

23. What large urban center with a population exceeding 20,000 by 1250 CE emerged from the Mississippian culture?

A) Poverty Point
B) Watson Brake
C) Cahokia
D) Wounded Knee

24. Into how many cultural areas do ethnographers classify the Indigenous peoples of North America?

A) Twenty cultural areas
B) Ten cultural areas
C) Three cultural areas
D) Fifty cultural areas

25. How was land typically held by Indigenous cultures at the time of first contact, in contrast to Europeans?

A) By corporate business entities
B) Communally
C) As private individual property
D) By the monarch or king

26. What term describes the centuries of population, cultural, and agricultural transfer between Old and New World societies starting in the late 15th century?

A) Manifest Destiny
B) The Great Migration
C) The Industrial Revolution
D) The Columbian exchange

27. How did most Native groups preserve their histories before European contact?

A) Via digital media and stone tablets
B) Using printed books and newspapers
C) Through extensive written encyclopedias
D) By means of oral traditions and artwork

28. Which European disease was especially devastating to Native Americans due to a lack of immunity?

A) The common cold
B) Chickenpox
C) Smallpox
D) Malaria

29. By how much did populations in some regions fall in the first century after European contact?

A) 90 percent or more
B) 10 percent or less
C) Populations actually increased
D) Exactly 50 percent

30. What were pre-Columbian population estimates for the area of the modern U.S.?

A) Exactly 1 million
B) From 50 to 100 million
C) From 2 to over 18 million
D) From 100,000 to 500,000

31. To approximately what number had Native populations collapsed by the end of the 18th century?

A) Over 15 million
B) Around 600,000
C) Around 10 million
D) Zero

32. Who advocated a 'civilizing' policy to assimilate Native Americans as U.S. citizens after the establishment of the United States?

A) Christopher Columbus and James Buchanan
B) Horatio Greenough and Andrew Jackson
C) Thomas Jefferson and Tecumseh
D) George Washington and Henry Knox

33. What 19th-century ideology drove westward expansion and increased pressure on Native lands?

A) Isolationism
B) Manifest destiny
C) Feudalism
D) The Enlightenment

34. Which act authorized mass relocations west of the Mississippi River, resulting in ethnic cleansing and forced marches like the Trail of Tears?

A) The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
B) The Indian Removal Act of 1830
C) The Civil Rights Act of 1968
D) The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871

35. Where did a justification for conquest and subjugation of Native Americans stem from?

A) Scientific studies conducted by Paleo-Indians
B) Tribal oral histories and artwork
C) Treaties signed by independent Native nations
D) Dehumanizing stereotypes like those in the United States Declaration of Independence

36. What phrase was used to describe Native Americans in the United States Declaration of Independence?

A) Sovereign equal partners
B) Peaceful domestic nations
C) Merciless Indian savages
D) First American citizens

37. Who wrote that the sculpture The Rescue (1837) was 'to convey the idea of the triumph of the whites over the savage tribes'?

A) George Washington
B) James Buchanan
C) Henry Knox
D) Horatio Greenough

38. Which senator proposed the sculpture The Discovery of America (1844), which depicted a triumphant Columbus and a 'female savage'?

A) James Buchanan
B) Horatio Greenough
C) George Washington
D) Henry Knox

39. What conflicts constituted Native resistance against the United States?

A) The Civil War
B) The American Indian Wars
C) The Revolutionary War
D) The War of 1812

40. What was one of the last major events of native resistance where up to 300 Lakota were killed during a Ghost Dance gathering?

A) The Great Sioux War of 1876
B) The Trail of Tears
C) The Dakota War of 1862
D) The Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890

41. Which 20th-century conflict marked a turning point in Native American visibility and involvement due to significant military service?

A) The Korean War
B) World War II
C) The Vietnam War
D) World War I

42. Which act recognized tribal autonomy, leading to Native-run schools and economic initiatives in 1975?

A) The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
B) The Indian Removal Act of 1830
C) The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
D) The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975

43. What percentage of Native Americans now live in cities?

A) Less than 10%
B) 50%
C) Exactly 20%
D) Over 70%

44. What forms the basis of federal Indian law and the trust relationship for contemporary Native Americans?

A) State property tax laws
B) Colonial European legal codes
C) Sovereignty and treaty rights
D) United Nations mandates

45. What term do many older Native Americans prefer according to the text?

A) Aleut or Inuit
B) Indian or American Indian
C) Indigenous or Aboriginal
D) First Nations or Métis

46. What terms do younger generations of Native Americans often choose?

A) Indigenous or Aboriginal
B) Merciless savages
C) Indian or American Indian
D) Domestically dependent

47. Which designations are commonly used for Indigenous peoples in Canada?

A) Clovis, Folsom, and Archaic
B) First Nations, Inuit, and Métis
C) Aleut, Yup'ik, and Inuit
D) Apache, Cherokee, and Navajo

48. Which groups were traditionally not included in the term 'Native American'?

A) Hopewell and Mississippian cultures
B) Choctaw and Lakota
C) Paleo-Indians and Archaic hunter-gatherers
D) Native Hawaiians or some Alaska Natives such as Aleut, Yup'ik, or Inuit

49. What cultural region is also known as Oasisamerica in the classification of North American Indigenous peoples?

A) The Southwest
B) The Great Plains
C) The Northwest Coast
D) The Arctic

50. How many Indigenous people in the United States identified with Central American Indigenous groups in 2022?

A) 205,954
B) 47,518
C) 634,503
D) 875,183

51. How many Indigenous people identified with the Indigenous people of Mexico in 2022?

A) 1,449,888
B) 634,503
C) 875,183
D) 47,518

52. How many Indigenous people identified with Canadian First Nations in 2022?

A) 47,518
B) 875,183
C) 205,954
D) 634,503

53. What approximate percentage of the 3.2 million Americans who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native alone in 2022 are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity?

A) 25%
B) 45%
C) 80%
D) 11%

54. Which is the largest self-reported tribe among groups Indigenous to the United States?

A) Navajo
B) Apache
C) Choctaw
D) Cherokee

55. What was the self-reported population of the Navajo tribe according to the text?

A) 295,373
B) 434,910
C) 1,449,888
D) 220,739

56. How many respondents specified an Alaska Native identity?

A) 191,823
B) 47,518
C) 288,255
D) 205,954

57. How are Native Hawaiians classified by the census?

A) Hispanic
B) Alaska Native
C) Pacific Islanders
D) American Indian

58. According to 2022 estimates, how many Americans reported Native Hawaiian ancestry?

A) 875,183
B) 714,847
C) 434,910
D) 634,503

59. Since which census year has self-identification of race been permitted?

A) 1880
B) 2010
C) 1960
D) 2000

60. In which census year was the option to select more than one race introduced?

A) 1960
B) 1950
C) 2010
D) 2000

61. What was the Native American population count in the 1930 census?

A) 366,500
B) 362,500
C) 274,000
D) 377,273

62. What was the Native American population count in the 1940 census?

A) 377,273
B) 366,500
C) 551,669
D) 362,500

63. In what year did the Native American population begin to rebound sharply?

A) 1940
B) 1950
C) 1960
D) 1930

64. What was the Native American population in 1950?

A) 827,268
B) 551,669
C) 377,273
D) 366,500

65. What was the Native American population in 1960?

A) 362,500
B) 551,669
C) 827,268
D) 377,273

66. What was the Native American population in 1970?

A) 346,000
B) 551,669
C) 377,273
D) 827,268

67. How many times the national average was the annual growth rate of the Native American population by 1970?

A) Three times
B) Five times
C) Twice
D) Four times

68. In what year did total spending on Native Americans return to $38 million?

A) 1933
B) 1950
C) 1929
D) 1940

69. What was the self-reported population of the Choctaw tribe?

A) 191,823
B) 295,373
C) 288,255
D) 220,739

70. What was the self-reported population of the Blackfeet tribe?

A) 288,255
B) 295,373
C) 191,823
D) 220,739

71. What was the self-reported population of the Sioux tribe?

A) 191,823
B) 220,739
C) 295,373
D) 288,255

72. What was the self-reported population of the Apache tribe?

A) 288,255
B) 191,823
C) 295,373
D) 220,739

73. What percentage of Native Americans live outside a reservation?

A) 78%
B) 70%
C) 45%
D) 8%

74. Which individuals are more likely to live on a reservation?

A) Multiracial individuals
B) Individuals of mixed ancestry
C) Mono-racial individuals
D) Urban residents

75. What is the largest tribe if only non-multiracial individuals are counted?

A) Choctaw
B) Cherokee
C) Navajo
D) Sioux

76. What proportion of the Navajo tribe consists of mono-racial individuals?

A) 45%
B) 86.3%
C) 78%
D) 70%

77. What percentage of Native Americans lived in urban areas in 1940?

A) 45%
B) 70%
C) 8%
D) 28%

78. Which Indian social service organization attempts to address urban problems in Minneapolis?

A) Bureau of Indian Affairs
B) Little Earth
C) Muwekma Ohlone
D) Dawes Rolls

79. How many federally recognized tribal governments are there in the US?

A) 574
B) 286
C) 819
D) 326

80. How many Indian reservations are there in the US?

A) 819
B) 574
C) 284
D) 326

81. To gain federal recognition, tribes must prove continuous existence since what year?

A) 2000
B) 1900
C) 1940
D) 1970

82. Which group is pursuing litigation in the federal court system to establish recognition in the San Francisco Bay Area?

A) Passamaquoddy Tribe
B) Penobscot Nation
C) Muwekma Ohlone
D) Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians

83. In what year did a group of Democratic Party congressmen introduce a bill to terminate federal recognition of the Cherokee Nation?

A) 2009
B) 2017
C) 2007
D) 2000

84. What roll was required for Cherokee Freedmen to be included as members of the Cherokee Nation?

A) Racial Integrity Act
B) Dawes Rolls
C) Bureau of Vital Statistics
D) Little Earth register

85. Since what year had all Cherokee Freedmen and their descendants been members of the Cherokee Nation prior to the exclusion dispute?

A) 1866
B) 1940
C) 1970
D) 1900

86. How many nonvoting representatives from Indian Tribes are allowed in the Maine State House Legislature?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 4
D) 2

87. Until what year did Virginia have no federally recognized tribes?

A) 2007
B) 2017
C) 2009
D) 2000

88. How many tribes did the state of Virginia recognize prior to having federally recognized tribes?

A) eight
B) five
C) ten
D) three

89. Who served as registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics from 1912 to 1946?

A) Dawes
B) Little Earth director
C) Secretary of State
D) Walter Ashby Plecker

90. In what year did the Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorse a bill that would grant federal recognition to tribes in Virginia?

A) 2017
B) 2007
C) 2009
D) 2000

91. By what year is it estimated that nine out of ten Americans with Native American ancestry will be of mixed ancestry?

A) 2007
B) 2012
C) 2000
D) 2100

92. Which of the following is an urban area with a significant Native American population mentioned in the text?

A) Boston
B) Seattle
C) Miami
D) Minneapolis

93. Which tribe represented in the Maine State Legislature is named in the text?

A) Navajo Nation
B) Sioux Nation
C) Penobscot Nation
D) Cherokee Nation

94. What laws subjected Native Americans to segregation in the Deep South?

A) Jim Crow Laws
B) Homestead Acts
C) Intolerable Acts
D) Navigation Acts

95. What institutionalized economic, educational, and social disadvantages for Native Americans in the south?

A) Reservation systems
B) Tribal sovereignty
C) Federal paternalism
D) Jim Crow

96. What was a major problem for Native Americans seeking education in the south?

A) English-only mandates
B) High tuition costs
C) Lack of textbooks
D) Segregation

97. Which organization's legal strategy changed education segregation for Native Americans?

A) The NARF
B) The NIYC
C) The NAACP
D) The NCAI

98. Who began assisting Native Americans in the south in the late 1950s?

A) Martin Luther King Jr.
B) Mel Thom
C) The Secretary of the Interior
D) Dean Rusk

99. Which tribe in Alabama was trying to completely desegregate schools in their area in the late 1950s?

A) The Cherokee
B) The Navajo
C) The Sioux
D) The remaining Creek

100. In which book does Martin Luther King Jr. write about the nation being born in genocide against the Indian?

A) Why We Can't Wait
B) Stride Toward Freedom
C) Strength to Love
D) Where Do We Go from Here

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