Free will in theology - Quiz
Free will in theology
  • 1. What is Hinduism primarily considered to be regarding its religious traditions?
A) A purely monastic order
B) An offshoot of Buddhism
C) A single strictly unified tradition
D) A conglomerate of different religious traditions
  • 2. What is the general view on free will within the Advaita schools?
A) Theory of absolute free will
B) Complete rejection of karma
C) Indeterminism
D) Fate-based approach
  • 3. What is the general view on free will within the Dvaita schools?
A) Denial of individual existence
B) Proponents for the theory of free will
C) Strictly fate-based approach
D) Elimination of karma
  • 4. What concepts are used by Hindu schools to base their understandings of free will?
A) Conceptions of the supreme Being and the individual Self
B) Scientific observations of nature
C) Political laws and societal structures
D) Historical texts alone
  • 5. How does karma interact with the individual Self within the illusory existence of maya according to the text?
A) Karma has no connection to maya
B) Karma is controlled solely by human governments
C) Karma dictates or is dictated by the individual Self
D) Karma destroys the individual Self completely
  • 6. Who can know or view both the past and future according to Hindu traditions?
A) No one, as the future is entirely blank
B) Certain saints, mystics, and the supreme being
C) Only ordinary human beings
D) Only foreign philosophers
  • 7. What does the Avatar Krishna say he knows in the Bhagavad Gita?
A) Only the past and present
B) Only future events
C) Past, present, and all things yet to come
D) Nothing about human actions
  • 8. Does the belief in destiny rule out the existence of free will in Hinduism?
A) No, because destiny does not exist at all
B) Not necessarily, as both can exist simultaneously
C) Yes, free will is proven to be an illusion
D) Yes, destiny completely destroys free will
  • 9. According to Bhagavad Gita 5.15, what does the Supreme Lord assume?
A) All human sinful activities
B) Every single action of the mind
C) No one's sinful or pious activities
D) Only pious activities
  • 10. What must one do when the mind wanders due to its flickering nature, according to Bhagavad Gita 6.26?
A) Surrender it completely to maya
B) Withdraw it and bring it back under control
C) Punish the physical body
D) Let it wander freely without interference
  • 11. What does Bhagavad Gita 6.26 indicate about God controlling human will?
A) God dictates all pious actions
B) God does not control anyone's will
C) God forces the mind to wander
D) God controls every single thought
  • 12. How many orthodox (astika) schools of thought are there in Hindu philosophy?
A) Six
B) Four
C) Two
D) Ten
  • 13. In the Samkhya school, what is true regarding matter and Self?
A) Matter has complete freedom
B) Self controls the unfolding of matter
C) Both matter and Self are fully autonomous
D) Matter is without freedom and Self lacks control over matter
  • 14. What constitutes the only real freedom (kaivalya) in the Samkhya school?
A) Realizing the ultimate separateness of matter and self
B) Merging completely with maya
C) Controlling the material world
D) Gaining power through Ishvara
  • 15. In the Yoga school, who is truly free?
A) Only Ishvara
B) Only human beings
C) The material nature (prakrti)
D) Every living entity (jiva)
  • 16. Why is the freedom of Ishvara in the Yoga school not a freedom of will?
A) Because Ishvara is bound by karma
B) Because Ishvara does not exist
C) Because Ishvara only controls humans
D) Because it is distinct from all feelings, thoughts, actions, or wills
  • 17. What do the metaphysics of the Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools strongly suggest?
A) The supremacy of maya
B) A belief in determinism
C) A belief in absolute free will
D) The non-existence of karma
  • 18. What do the Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools fail to make explicit?
A) The definition of the supreme being
B) Rules regarding ritual worship
C) The concept of the soul
D) Explicit claims about determinism or free will
  • 19. Who offered an example of the worry about free will through a quotation in the text?
A) Swami Vivekananda
B) Arjuna
C) Madhvacharya
D) Chandrashekhara Bharati Swaminah
  • 20. What did Swami Vivekananda state about free will?
A) Free will exists outside of time and space
B) There cannot be any such thing as free-will; the words are a contradiction
C) Will is completely unconditioned by causality
D) Free will is the ultimate truth of the universe
  • 21. According to Swami Vivekananda, what moulds everything within our universe?
A) The independent choices of jivas
B) Conditions of time, space and causality
C) Pure human desire and maya
D) Uncaused spontaneous events
  • 22. According to Swami Vivekananda, how can true freedom be acquired?
A) By mastering the physical body
B) To get beyond the limitations of this universe
C) By exercising free will within the material world
D) By accumulating good karma
  • 23. Which traditions have often emphasized the importance of free will?
A) Mimamsa, Vedanta, Shaivism, and Vaishnavism
B) Only the Nyaya school
C) Advaita schools exclusively
D) Only the Samkhya and Yoga schools
  • 24. How are living beings (jivas) described in the Bhagavad Gita regarding their nature?
A) As completely controlled by matter
B) As lacking any form of consciousness
C) As being of a higher nature who have freedom to exploit inferior material nature
D) As being entirely made of inferior material nature
  • 25. Within Vedanta, what does Madhvacharya argue about souls?
A) Souls do not have any free will as Lord Vishnu prescribes all their actions
B) Souls possess absolute autonomous free will
C) Souls are entirely independent of God
D) Souls dictate the actions of Lord Vishnu
  • 26. What two things does the doctrine of Karma require in Hinduism?
A) That future rewards are random and past actions are ignored
B) That God dictates all rewards without regard to human effort
C) That past actions are erased and present actions do not matter
D) That we pay for past actions and our present actions be free enough to deserve future results
  • 27. According to the Advaitin philosopher Chandrashekhara Bharati Swaminah, what is fate?
A) Present karma
B) Divine intervention
C) An illusion created by maya
D) Past karma
  • 28. According to Chandrashekhara Bharati Swaminah, what is free-will?
A) Past karma
B) The will of Ishvara
C) Present karma
D) Destiny
  • 29. How does Chandrashekhara Bharati Swaminah describe the relationship between fate and free-will?
A) Free-will creates fate without any connection to karma
B) Fate is real while free-will is a total illusion
C) They are in permanent and irreconcilable conflict
D) They are really one, that is, karma, differing only in time
  • 30. What does Chandrashekhara Bharati Swaminah say fate is the resultant of?
A) The direct commands of Lord Vishnu
B) The past exercise of your free-will
C) Random chance within maya
D) The unconditioned laws of the material universe
  • 31. According to Chandrashekhara Bharati Swaminah, what can you do by exercising your free-will in the present?
A) Change the nature of Ishvara
B) Wipe out past records or add to them
C) Eliminate the universe entirely
D) Escape the cycle of time permanently without karma
  • 32. Which Christian group holds a belief on original sin and free will that differs from Lutheran, Calvinist, and Arminian views?
A) Eastern Orthodox Church
B) Pelagian scholars
C) Calvinist Protestants
D) Roman Catholic Church
  • 33. What alternative name does the Eastern Orthodox Church use for original sin?
A) Total depravity
B) Personal fault
C) Ancestral sin
D) Initial grace
  • 34. What is the primary teaching held by the Orthodox Church regarding salvation and free will?
A) Predestination
B) Synergy
C) Total depravity
D) Pelagianism
  • 35. What does the Greek word 'συνεργός' (synergy) mean?
A) Absolute control
B) Working together
C) Predestined fate
D) Divine isolation
  • 36. Which 4th-century Church Father and pupil of St. John Chrysostom articulated the view of synergy?
A) Pontius Pilate
B) Vladimir Lossky
C) St. Augustine
D) St. John Cassian
  • 37. According to St. John Cassian, what is necessary to enable a sinner to return unto God?
A) Divine grace
B) Priesthood mediation
C) Human perfection
D) Baptismal regeneration
  • 38. Which Russian Orthodox novelist suggested many arguments for and against free will?
A) Fyodor Dostoevsky
B) Alexander Solzhenitsyn
C) Anton Chekhov
D) Leo Tolstoy
  • 39. In which work by Dostoevsky is the famous chapter 'The Grand Inquisitor' found?
A) Notes from Underground
B) Crime and Punishment
C) Demons
D) The Brothers Karamazov
  • 40. According to Dostoevsky's character Kirilov in the Demons novel, what acts as a validation of free will if it is irrational?
A) Religious conversion
B) Unconditional love
C) Suicide
D) Blind obedience
  • 41. Which Christian tradition's teaching corresponds closely to the image of the drowning man holding the rope?
A) Lutheran monergism
B) Strict Pelagianism
C) Roman Catholic teaching
D) Calvinist Protestantism
  • 42. According to Catholic teaching, what establishes cooperation between God's grace and man's freedom?
A) Justification
B) Predestination alone
C) Original sin
D) Total depravity
  • 43. In the order of Roman Catholic grace, whose initiative comes first?
A) The Holy Spirit's obedience to man
B) The collaborative effort starting simultaneously
C) God's initiative
D) Man's independent choice
  • 44. Which Orthodox theologian stated that John Cassian's teaching 'was interpreted, on the rational plane, as a semi-pelagianism, and was condemned in the West'?
A) Fyodor Dostoevsky
B) St. John Chrysostom
C) Pontius Pilate
D) Vladimir Lossky
  • 45. Between which years did the Council of Trent take place?
A) 1500-1520
B) 1450-1470
C) 1600-1620
D) 1545-1563
  • 46. What movement arose in Catholicism during the era of the original Jesuits and contradicted their teaching on free will?
A) Manichaeism
B) Jansenism
C) Pelagianism
D) Arianism
  • 47. Which French philosopher was an adherent of Jansenism?
A) René Descartes
B) Blaise Pascal
C) Voltaire
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  • 48. What is the title of the papal encyclical on human freedom written by Pope Leo XIII?
A) Deus Caritas Est
B) Libertas Praestantissimum
C) Rerum Novarum
D) Humanae Vitae
  • 49. In what year was the encyclical Libertas Praestantissimum published?
A) 1901
B) 1865
C) 1888
D) 1545
  • 50. What do 20th-century papal documents more often focus on condemning instead of explicitly condemning causal determinism?
A) The writings of John Duns Scotus
B) St. Augustine's theology
C) The Council of Trent
D) Physicalism/materialism
  • 51. What doctrine in theology is often alleged to be in conflict with free will?
A) Transcendence
B) Immanence
C) Omniscience
D) Omnipresence
  • 52. The problem between religious determinism and free will relates to whose analysis of the problem of the sea battle?
A) William of Ockham
B) Søren Kierkegaard
C) Alvin Plantinga
D) Aristotle
  • 53. What kind of conclusion is reached regarding the future based on past truths in the sea battle problem?
A) Probabilistic
B) Deterministic
C) Random
D) Indeterministic
  • 54. According to Philo, free will is a feature of what?
A) The physical reality
B) Divine foreknowledge
C) A human's soul
D) The natural philosophy
  • 55. According to Philo, which entities lack free will?
A) Religious philosophers
B) Omniscient beings
C) Non-human animals
D) Divine beings
  • 56. In Jewish philosophy, what Hebrew word meaning 'breath' is associated with the soul?
A) Yechida
B) Yachid
C) Jabr
D) Neshama
  • 57. Through which part of the soul is the ability to make a free choice possible in Jewish philosophy?
A) Jabr
B) Neshama
C) Destiny
D) Yechida
  • 58. Who developed an 'acquisition' or 'dual-agency' form of compatibilism in Islam?
A) al-Ash'ari
B) Alvin Plantinga
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) William of Ockham
  • 59. Who claimed that divine omnipotence cannot be separated from divine goodness?
A) Søren Kierkegaard
B) al-Ash'ari
C) William of Ockham
D) Alvin Plantinga
  • 60. Whose free-will defense is a contemporary expansion of Kierkegaard's theme?
A) Alvin Plantinga
B) Aristotle
C) al-Ash'ari
D) Philo
  • 61. According to Michael Frede, where did Christians mainly get the concept of free will?
A) Gnosticism
B) Judaism
C) Platonism
D) Stoicism
  • 62. Who is identified as the leading scholar on the subject of free will in antiquity?
A) Michael Frede
B) Troels Engberg-Pedersen
C) Tertullian
D) Alister McGrath
  • 63. According to Michael Frede, from whom did early Church fathers develop their doctrine of free will?
A) Jewish rabbis
B) Pagans
C) Roman politicians
D) Egyptian pharaohs
  • 64. Who introduced the term 'free will' into Western Christianity?
A) Paul
B) Tertullian
C) Alister McGrath
D) Michael Frede
  • 65. What century did the theologian Tertullian belong to, according to the text?
A) First-century
B) Third-century
C) Second-century
D) Fourth-century
  • 66. What is Dr. Alister McGrath's academic affiliation mentioned in the text?
A) Oxford scholar
B) Princeton historian
C) Cambridge professor
D) Harvard researcher
  • 67. What is Troels Engberg-Pedersen's area of expertise?
A) Pauline expert
B) Patristic theology
C) Stoic philosophy
D) Old Testament studies
  • 68. The Oriental Orthodox Churches are also known as what?
A) Non-Chalcedonian Churches
B) Chalcedonian Churches
C) Post-Nicene Churches
D) Western Churches
  • 69. Who shares the Roman Catholic position that human consent to God's justifying action is an effect of grace?
A) John Chrysostom
B) John Cassian
C) Georges Florovsky
D) Pelagius
  • 70. What is the experience of salvation and relationship with God called once a person is baptised in the Orthodox view?
A) Synergy
B) Blasphemy
C) Justification
D) Theosis
  • 71. Do all Eastern Fathers accept John Cassian's teaching of synergy?
A) Yes
B) No
C) None
D) Only some
  • 72. According to Lutherans, what kind of matters do humans NOT have a free will concerning?
A) Goods and possessions
B) Everyday actions
C) Spiritual matters
D) Civil righteousness
  • 73. Humans have free will concerning what type of righteousness without needing the Holy Spirit?
A) Eternal righteousness
B) God-ward righteousness
C) Spiritual righteousness
D) Civil righteousness
  • 74. Without the presence of whom can humans not work spiritual righteousness?
A) Erasmus
B) Henry Cole
C) The Holy Spirit
D) Adam
  • 75. Who translated the controversial term liberum arbitrium as 'free-will'?
A) Paul Althaus
B) Erasmus
C) Rupp and Watson
D) Henry Cole
  • 76. Which study chose 'free choice' as the translation for liberum arbitrium?
A) The Bondage of the Will study
B) The Henry Cole study
C) The Rupp/Watson study
D) The Paul Althaus study
  • 77. What biblical word important to Luther means to be set free from sin and for righteousness?
A) Monergism
B) Arbitrium
C) Metanoia
D) Liberum
  • 78. With what part of an act does God concur?
A) The sinfulness of an intent
B) The evil of an effect
C) An act's effect
D) The corruption of an act
  • 79. Who was one of the strongest defenders of the Calvinist theological point of view in America?
A) Loraine Boettner
B) Jonathan Edwards
C) John L. Girardeau
D) Boethius
  • 80. Whose view offers the proposal that God is outside time and sees past, present, and future as one whole creation?
A) Jonathan Edwards
B) Loraine Boettner
C) Boethius
D) John Calvin
  • 81. What new school of thought was formed by theologians limiting or doing away with foreknowledge?
A) Lutheranism
B) Anabaptism
C) Open theism
D) Libertarianism
  • 82. Which Protestant group explicitly rejects the Calvinist doctrine of the perseverance of the saints?
A) Puritans
B) Reformers
C) Lutherans
D) Calvinists
  • 83. Whose teachings influenced Christians such as Methodists regarding the belief that God knows choices while still giving people the ability to choose?
A) John Calvin
B) Jacobus Arminius
C) Jesus Christ
D) Thomas Jay Oord
  • 84. Who offers what is described as 'perhaps the most cogent free will theology presupposing prevenient grace'?
A) Thomas Jay Oord
B) John Calvin
C) Jesus Christ
D) Jacobus Arminius
  • 85. What term does Thomas Jay Oord use for his theological concept?
A) Divine determinism
B) Absolute predestination
C) Essential kenosis
D) Sovereign grace
  • 86. Which Bible verse is cited to back up the view of essential kenosis and God's respect for human choice?
A) John 3:16
B) Genesis 1:1
C) Luke 13:34
D) Romans 8:28
  • 87. In Luke 13:34, who is Jesus lamenting over?
A) Nazareth
B) Jerusalem
C) Rome
D) Capernaum
  • 88. To what animal does Jesus compare His desire to gather Jerusalem's children in Luke 13:34?
A) A lion
B) A shepherd
C) An eagle
D) A hen
  • 89. What gift do Latter Day Saints believe God has given to all humans?
A) Absolute predestination
B) Spiritual blindness
C) Moral agency
D) Divine determinism
  • 90. Who favored no agency during the dispute in heaven?
A) Lucifer
B) Mormon leaders
C) The New Church
D) Emanuel Swedenborg
  • 91. What is another name for the New Church?
A) Latter Day Saint movement
B) Swedenborgianism
C) Mormonism
D) Protestantism
  • 92. Upon whose writings is the New Church founded?
A) Emanuel Swedenborg
B) Classical Protestant reformers
C) Lucifer
D) Mormon leaders
  • 93. What term did the Mu'tazili use for the human capacity to do right or wrong?
A) mitzvot
B) bechirah
C) jabr
D) qadar
  • 94. What is the Hebrew term for free choice used in Jewish theology?
A) qadar
B) bechirah chofshit
C) jabr
D) mitzvot
  • 95. In Jewish theology, the belief in free will is considered what?
A) accidental
B) axiomatic
C) heretical
D) optional
  • 96. The concept of reward and punishment in Jewish theology is rooted in what?
A) the Mishnah
B) the New Testament
C) the Torah
D) the Quran
  • 97. Which biblical book exemplifies the choices God gives the Israelites regarding worship and mitzvot?
A) Leviticus
B) Exodus
C) Deuteronomy
D) Genesis
  • 98. What specific verse number in Deuteronomy 30 is mentioned in the text regarding choices?
A) Deuteronomy 30:19
B) Deuteronomy 15:10
C) Deuteronomy 30:1
D) Deuteronomy 20:5
  • 99. What does God tell the Israelites to choose in Deuteronomy 30:19?
A) death
B) silence
C) curse
D) life
  • 100. Free will in Jewish philosophy is discussed secondly regarding what?
A) the historical exile of the Jews
B) the physical laws of nature
C) the translation of the Torah
D) the closely related resultant paradox
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