Underground Railroad - Quiz
Underground Railroad
  • 1. Was the Underground Railroad literally underground?
A) Yes, but only in northern states
B) No, it was neither literally underground nor a railroad
C) Yes, it consisted of underground tunnels
D) It started underground and later moved above ground
  • 2. When did the first literal underground railroad exist?
A) 1850
B) 1800
C) 1875
D) 1863
  • 3. According to John Rankin, why was the escape network called a railroad?
A) Because it used actual steam locomotives
B) Because it was built by railroad workers
C) Because fugitives disappeared from public view as if they went into the ground
D) Because trains transported people by night
  • 4. Why did the network use rail terminology like stations and conductors?
A) Because that was the transportation system in use at the time
B) To confuse slave catchers using railroad codes
C) Because trains were the only way to travel north
D) To honor the inventors of the railroad
  • 5. Did the Underground Railroad have a central headquarters or governing body?
A) Yes, managed by the Quaker church
B) Yes, located in Philadelphia
C) Yes, located in Canada
D) No, it had no headquarters or governing body
  • 6. Were there published guides, maps, or pamphlets for the Underground Railroad?
A) Yes, distributed by abolitionist newspapers
B) Yes, printed secretly in New York
C) Yes, but only for conductors
D) No
  • 7. How was communication maintained among participants of the Underground Railroad?
A) By telegraph messages
B) Via public newspaper advertisements
C) Through published maps and guides
D) By word of mouth
  • 8. What type of code was reportedly used to encrypt messages?
A) Numeric code
B) Alphabetical cipher
C) Binary code
D) Morse code
  • 9. How did participants generally organize to maintain secrecy?
A) In large centralized militias
B) Under strict military command
C) In small, independent groups
D) In state-wide chapters
  • 10. Who were the 'conductors' on the railroad?
A) Only trained railway employees
B) Exclusively white Quakers
C) Free-born blacks, white abolitionists, formerly enslaved people, and Native Americans
D) Elected government officials
  • 11. Why did many Christian congregations and clergy participate in the network?
A) They wanted to build new railroads
B) They were paid by northern politicians
C) They believed slavery was contrary to the ethics of Jesus
D) They were ordered to by the federal government
  • 12. Which religious group was notably involved in the Underground Railroad?
A) Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
B) Roman Catholics
C) Eastern Orthodox Church
D) Church of England
  • 13. Which mainstream denominations entered into schism over the issue of slavery?
A) Catholics and Anglicans
B) Quakers and Congregationalists
C) Methodist Episcopal Church and the Baptists
D) Presbyterians and Lutherans
  • 14. How crucial was the role of free blacks in the Underground Railroad?
A) It was minor compared to white abolitionists
B) Without it, there would have been almost no chance for fugitives to reach freedom safely
C) They acted solely as messengers
D) They only provided financial donations
  • 15. What were the organizations known as that underground railroad 'agents' worked in?
A) Abolitionist brotherhoods
B) Vigilance committees
C) Freedom leagues
D) Railroad unions
  • 16. Which northern states had Free Black communities that helped freedom seekers?
A) Texas, Florida, and Louisiana
B) Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia
C) Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York
D) California, Oregon, and Nevada
  • 17. Where did Black communities hide freedom seekers in the North?
A) In public train stations
B) In their churches and homes
C) In government buildings
D) In commercial warehouses
  • 18. Who wrote the book 'Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance'?
A) Larry Gara
B) John Rankin
C) Cheryl Janifer Laroche
D) Diane Miller
  • 19. According to historian Cheryl Janifer Laroche, who operated as the main actors in the Underground Railroad?
A) European sympathizers
B) Native American guides
C) White northern politicians
D) Blacks, enslaved and free
  • 20. What misconception do some authors have regarding white abolitionists, according to Laroche?
A) They believe white abolitionists ran the government
B) They emphasize white abolitionists as the main factor and overlook free Black communities
C) They state white abolitionists were southern spies
D) They claim white abolitionists did not participate at all
  • 21. What does author Diane Miller say traditional historians have overlooked?
A) The role of the British navy
B) The financial cost of running safe houses
C) The laws passed by southern states
D) The agency of African Americans in their own quest for freedom
  • 22. How have traditional historians often portrayed enslaved people in relation to the Underground Railroad?
A) As wealthy landowners funding the network
B) As 'helpless' slaves aided by white religious groups
C) As active leaders of vigilance committees
D) As railway engineers
  • 23. What argument does historian Larry Gara make about many Underground Railroad stories?
A) They belonged in folklore and not history
B) They were accurately documented in government archives
C) They were completely fabricated by southern politicians
D) They were broadcast widely on newspapers
  • 24. Which real historical figures does Larry Gara mention whose actions are exaggerated?
A) John Rankin, Cheryl Laroche, and Diane Miller
B) Harriet Tubman, Thomas Garrett, and Levi Coffin
C) Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown
D) George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin
  • 25. What does the traditional narrative of Northern abolitionists guiding the enslaved imply, according to Gara?
A) That southern slaveholders supported the abolitionists
B) That freedom seekers needed the help of Northerners to escape and minimizes enslaved people's intelligence and agency
C) That escaping slavery was easy without assistance
D) That northern abolitionists were paid professionals
  • 26. Where did an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 fugitive slaves consider their final destination?
A) Canada
B) Great Britain
C) Mexico
D) The Caribbean
  • 27. Which political group heavily lobbied for the Compromise of 1850?
A) Northern abolitionists
B) Southern politicians
C) British parliament members
D) Canadian diplomats
  • 28. Following which conflict was the Compromise of 1850 passed by Congress?
A) The Revolutionary War
B) The Mexican-American War
C) The French and Indian War
D) The War of 1812
  • 29. What did the Compromise of 1850 include regarding fugitive slaves?
A) A complete ban on slave catching in the North
B) Automatic freedom after five years
C) Financial compensation for runaway slaves
D) A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law
  • 30. What did some Northern states enact to counter federal fugitive slave laws?
A) Personal liberty laws
B) Pro-slavery mandates
C) Compulsory slave catch acts
D) Southern trade embargoes
  • 31. Which US President issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863?
A) Thomas Jefferson
B) Andrew Jackson
C) George Washington
D) Abraham Lincoln
  • 32. What were the slaves who risked capture referred to as?
A) Stationmasters
B) Conductors
C) Engineers
D) Passengers
  • 33. What were the individuals who aided the escaping slaves referred to as?
A) Conductors
B) Passengers
C) Engineers
D) Travelers
  • 34. To which country did various other routes lead where slavery had been abolished?
A) Cuba
B) Spain
C) Mexico
D) Canada
  • 35. An earlier escape route ran south toward which Spanish possession?
A) Mexico
B) Cuba
C) Puerto Rico
D) Florida
  • 36. During the American Civil War, where did freedom seekers escape to in the South?
A) Spanish forts in Florida
B) British naval vessels
C) Union lines
D) Confederate military camps
  • 37. Approximately how many slaves had escaped to freedom via the network by 1850, according to one estimate?
A) 1,000,000
B) 500,000
C) 10,000
D) 100,000
  • 38. Who documented the very first use of the term 'Underground Railroad' in print?
A) Charles Turner Torrey
B) Scott Shane
C) Eber Pettit
D) Thomas Smallwood
  • 39. On what date was the term 'Underground Railroad' first used in print?
A) July 4, 1776
B) December 25, 1850
C) August 10, 1842
D) January 1, 1863
  • 40. Who edited the Tocsin of Liberty newspaper?
A) Charles Turner Torrey
B) Eber Pettit
C) Scott Shane
D) Thomas Smallwood
  • 41. Whose column was used to publish the term for the first time?
A) Freedom Train
B) North Star
C) Uncle Tom
D) Sam Weller
  • 42. Which Baltimore constable was Thomas Smallwood quoting when he first used the term?
A) Eber Pettit
B) J. Blaine Hudson
C) Charles Turner Torrey
D) John Zell
  • 43. Whose 1879 book offered the best prior claim to the origin of the term?
A) Thomas Smallwood
B) J. Blaine Hudson
C) Scott Shane
D) Eber Pettit
  • 44. What constellation was known as the 'drinking gourd'?
A) Orion
B) Cassiopeia
C) The Big Dipper
D) Ursa Minor
  • 45. Who escaped by sea and had previously been enslaved by President George Washington?
A) Ona Judge
B) Sojourner Truth
C) Frederick Douglass
D) Harriet Tubman
  • 46. Where did freedom seekers in Alabama hide on boats heading to blend in with a free Black community?
A) Huntsville, Alabama
B) Birmingham, Alabama
C) Mobile, Alabama
D) Montgomery, Alabama
  • 47. What kind of watercraft did Alabama freedom seekers make to escape?
A) Kayaks
B) Rafts
C) Canoes
D) Sailboats
  • 48. Where did freedom seekers escape from enslavers on boats heading for California?
A) Cuba
B) Florida
C) Panama
D) Texas
  • 49. What was the legal status of slavery in Panama during the period discussed?
A) Illegal
B) Legal
C) Regulated by federal law
D) Mandatory for all residents
  • 50. What substance did freedom seekers put on their shoes in North Carolina to prevent dogs from tracking them?
A) Vinegar
B) Turpentine
C) Lard
D) Hot pepper
  • 51. What material did escapees in Texas use to make a paste to stop dogs from tracking their scent?
A) Dried swamp moss
B) Crushed tree bark
C) Roasted snake skin
D) Charred bullfrog
  • 52. Where did other runaways escape to in order to wash off their scent?
A) Mountains
B) Open fields
C) Swamps
D) Desert caves
  • 53. Where did the main route for freedom seekers from the South lead?
A) Through the Florida Everglades
B) Across the Rocky Mountains
C) Along the Mississippi River
D) Up the Appalachians
  • 54. What lake did Harriet Tubman reach before going to Canada by boat on the main route?
A) Lake Ontario
B) Lake Michigan
C) Lake Erie
D) Lake Huron
  • 55. Who was the home in Rochester, New York, associated with?
A) Thomas Downing
B) Frederick Douglass
C) Samuel May
D) Joshua Young
  • 56. What was built by 1848 to connect New York to Canada across the Niagara River?
A) St. Lawrence Crossing
B) Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
C) Brooklyn Bridge
D) Erie Canal Bridge
  • 57. Which river or lake did travelers via the Adirondacks enter Canada through via Ogdensburg?
A) Niagara River
B) Ohio River
C) St. Lawrence River
D) Mississippi River
  • 58. Who assisted travelers entering Canada on Lake Champlain?
A) Thomas Downing
B) Arnold Gragstone
C) William Still
D) Joshua Young
  • 59. What kind of business did Thomas Downing operate in New York as an Underground Railroad stop?
A) A horse stable
B) A clothing store
C) An Oyster restaurant
D) A hardware shop
  • 60. Who was enslaved and helped runaways escape by guiding them across the Ohio River?
A) Samuel May
B) Thomas Downing
C) William Still
D) Arnold Gragstone
  • 61. When was slavery abolished in Canada?
A) During the 1860s
B) During the 1850s
C) During the 1790s
D) During the 1830s
  • 62. What did fugitives call the Ohio River using biblical references?
A) The 'River Euphrates'
B) The 'Red Sea'
C) The 'Sea of Galilee'
D) The 'River Jordan'
  • 63. Who was home to Samuel May according to the text?
A) Syracuse
B) Harpers Ferry
C) Philadelphia
D) Rochester, New York
  • 64. What occupation did some free and enslaved black men hold that helped enslaved people escape?
A) Mariners
B) Plantation overseers
C) Customs inspectors
D) Railroad engineers
  • 65. When did Mary Meachum attempt to help eight or nine slaves escape?
A) 1855
B) 1896
C) 1830
D) 1861
  • 66. What was the name of the free Black woman who attempted to help slaves escape near St. Louis?
A) Sojourner Truth
B) Rosa Parks
C) Mary Meachum
D) Harriet Tubman
  • 67. What was the name of the African American guide from Illinois who assisted in Mary Meachum's escape attempt?
A) Charles
B) Breckenridge
C) John
D) Freeman
  • 68. What was the name of a notable mass escape mentioned in the text?
A) The Pearl incident
B) The Amistad mutiny
C) The Stono rebellion
D) Harpers Ferry raid
  • 69. In what year is there a reference to a numerical code used to encrypt messages?
A) 1855
B) 1840
C) 1896
D) 1877
  • 70. What type of meals did freedom seekers prepare using their foraged and hunted ingredients?
A) Fried pastries
B) One-pot meals (stews)
C) Cold salads and sandwiches
D) Roasted meats and baked bread
  • 71. What is the name of the foodways of Black Americans that grew from the meals created on the Underground Railroad?
A) Pioneer cuisine
B) Soul food
C) Continental dining
D) Fast food
  • 72. Name one type of geographic location where maroon communities were hidden.
A) Wetlands
B) Mountain peaks
C) Open plains
D) Desert canyons
  • 73. In which state is the Great Dismal Swamp located?
A) Virginia
B) Louisiana
C) South Carolina
D) Delaware
  • 74. In what decade was the Saint Malo maroon community active in Louisiana?
A) 1860s
B) 1780s
C) 1820s
D) 1670s
  • 75. Who was the leader of the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) Dan Sayer
B) Herbert Aptheker
C) Jean Saint Malo
D) San Miguel
  • 76. What was the population of the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) Five hundred
B) Twelve
C) Fifty
D) Ten
  • 77. Which government broke up the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) United States government
B) British colonial government
C) French colonial government
D) Spanish colonial government
  • 78. When was Jean Saint Malo executed?
A) January 10, 1864
B) July 4, 1776
C) August 15, 1816
D) June 19, 1784
  • 79. In which colonial region did South Carolina have maroon settlements?
A) Great Lakes region
B) New England coast
C) Lowcountry
D) Appalachian Mountains
  • 80. In what year did maroons fight to maintain their freedom in Ashepoo?
A) 1822
B) 1800
C) 1861
D) 1816
  • 81. Maroons fought to maintain their freedom in Williamsburg County in what year?
A) 1819
B) 1820s
C) 1816
D) 1784
  • 82. In what year did maroons fight to maintain freedom in Georgetown?
A) 1861
B) 1822
C) 1820
D) 1819
  • 83. Maroons fought for freedom in Jacksonborough in which year?
A) 1816
B) 1861
C) 1820
D) 1822
  • 84. In what year did maroons fight to maintain freedom near Marion?
A) 1784
B) 1861
C) 1819
D) 1822
  • 85. Which historical archeologist argues that historians downplay maroons and place valor in white involvement due to racial bias?
A) San Miguel
B) Herbert Aptheker
C) Dan Sayer
D) Jean Saint Malo
  • 86. When were the earliest accounts of escape into Native American lands?
A) 17th century
B) 16th century
C) 18th century
D) 19th century
  • 87. What was the name of the first European colony in the continental US, established by Spaniards in 1526?
A) Negro Town
B) Saint Malo
C) San Miguel de Gualdape
D) Fort Malden
  • 88. Where was San Miguel de Gualdape established?
A) Louisiana
B) South Carolina
C) Virginia
D) Florida
  • 89. As early as what year did enslaved Africans flee from South Carolina Lowcountry to Spanish Florida?
A) 1689
B) 1526
C) 1861
D) 1784
  • 90. Where were some escapees taken by the Ottawa people?
A) Fort Malden
B) Ashepoo
C) San Miguel de Gualdape
D) Negro Town
  • 91. What was the name of the maroon community allowed by the Wyandot people in Upper Sandusky for four decades?
A) Saint Malo
B) Negro Town
C) San Miguel
D) Lowcountry
  • 92. For how many decades did Negro Town exist in Upper Sandusky?
A) Ten decades
B) Two decades
C) Four decades
D) One decade
  • 93. Which Native American people hid freedom seekers in villages around the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware in the 18th and 19th centuries?
A) Nanticoke
B) Shawnee
C) Ottawa
D) Wyandot
  • 94. To which tribe did the Odawa transfer runaways so they could be escorted to Canada?
A) Nanticoke
B) Shawnee
C) Wyandot
D) Ojibwe
  • 95. In what year did the Spanish establish Fort Mose for free Blacks?
A) 1706
B) 1829
C) 1738
D) 1806
  • 96. In what year did enslaved people arrive at the Stone Fort in Nacogdoches, Texas seeking freedom?
A) 1829
B) 1806
C) 1738
D) 1812
  • 97. Which U.S. Army general invaded Spanish Florida during the War of 1812?
A) Winfield Scott
B) George Washington
C) Zachary Taylor
D) Andrew Jackson
  • 98. What type of plantations did Americans establish after moving into Spanish territorial property in the North?
A) Tobacco plantations
B) Rice plantations
C) Sugarcane plantations
D) Cotton plantations
  • 99. Who formally abolished slavery in Mexico in 1829?
A) Antonio López de Santa Anna
B) Vicente Guerrero
C) Benito Juárez
D) Agustín de Iturbide
  • 100. In what year did Texas join the Union as a slave state?
A) 1836
B) 1812
C) 1845
D) 1829
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