Global dimming - Quiz
Global dimming
  • 1. What is the primary cause of global dimming?
A) Atmospheric particulate matter
B) Increased solar activity
C) Changes in Earth's orbit
D) Decreased cloud cover
  • 2. When did systematic measurements of solar irradiance begin?
A) 1950s
B) 1940s
C) 1980s
D) 1990s
  • 3. What is the main component of air pollution responsible for global dimming?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Water vapor
C) Sulfate aerosols
D) Methane gas
  • 4. By what percentage per decade did sunlight decline until the 1980s?
A) 1–2%
B) 20–25%
C) 4–5%
D) 10–12%
  • 5. How did global dimming affect the perception of global warming?
A) It had no effect on warming
B) It eliminated warming
C) It masked the extent of warming
D) It accelerated warming
  • 6. What happened to the tropical rain belt between 1950 and 1985?
A) It expanded significantly
B) It disappeared
C) It shifted northwards
D) It shifted southwards
  • 7. What event was linked to the monsoon failure caused by particulate pollution?
A) 1970s monsoon flood
B) 1990s Sahara drought
C) 1984 Ethiopian famine
D) 1980s Amazon fire
  • 8. What is the term for the partial reversal of the dimming trend?
A) Atmospheric clearing
B) Solar intensification
C) Surface radiance
D) Global brightening
  • 9. According to 2021 models, how much warming do aerosols offset?
A) 0.5 °C
B) 2.0 °C
C) 1.5 °C
D) 0.1 °C
  • 10. What is stratospheric aerosol injection intended to do?
A) Reduce air pollution
B) Repair the ozone layer
C) Counteract global warming
D) Increase precipitation
  • 11. Why would stratospheric aerosol injection need to be carried out over centuries?
A) To balance solar activity
B) Because aerosols disperse quickly
C) To maintain global rainfall
D) To prevent a rapid return of warming
  • 12. How does global dimming affect the water cycle?
A) It lowers evaporation
B) It increases evaporation
C) It stabilizes precipitation
D) It eliminates condensation
  • 13. What was the trend of air pollution between the 1950s and 1980s?
A) It remained stable
B) It decreased
C) It fluctuated randomly
D) It increased
  • 14. Why is the decrease in aerosol levels expected to continue?
A) Solar activity is decreasing
B) Industrialization has completely ceased
C) Natural filters are removing aerosols
D) Nations are acting to improve public health
  • 15. What is a major uncertainty regarding stratospheric aerosol injection?
A) The type of chemical used
B) Its effects on weather systems
C) The cost of implementation
D) The altitude of release
  • 16. What was observed 1.7 km above Los Angeles, even on clear days?
A) Higher temperatures than at the surface.
B) Visible smog layers.
C) Less sunlight was filtering through.
D) More ultraviolet radiation.
  • 17. Who found that solar radiation striking the Earth had declined by over 10% in the 1980s?
A) A researcher from the Los Angeles Institute.
B) Atsumu Ohmura.
C) A group of climatologists in Estonia.
D) The Swiss Federal Weather Agency.
  • 18. What was the estimated reduction in sunlight when the 1990s were included in the research?
A) 4–5% per decade.
B) 6–7% per decade.
C) 2–3% per decade.
D) 0.1–0.3% per decade.
  • 19. Which parts of the light spectrum were dimmed according to the research?
A) Visible light and infrared radiation.
B) Only radio waves.
C) All parts of the spectrum equally.
D) Only ultraviolet radiation.
  • 20. Why was cloud cover ruled out as the sole cause of global dimming?
A) Cloud cover actually increased.
B) Cloud cover has no effect on infrared radiation.
C) Dimming occurred even when skies were clear.
D) Cloud cover completely blocks all light.
  • 21. In which decade was it found that solar radiation had declined by 10% over the previous 30 years?
A) 1990s.
B) 1970s.
C) 1980s.
D) 1960s.
  • 22. Where were papers describing multi-decade declines in solar radiation published in the 1990s?
A) Only in the United States.
B) Estonia, Germany, Israel, and the former Soviet Union.
C) Across South America and Africa.
D) Only in Swiss research journals.
  • 23. What indirect effect do sulfate aerosols have on clouds?
A) They decrease the number of droplets
B) They increase the size of droplets
C) They evaporate water droplets
D) They act as nuclei for water droplets
  • 24. How do smaller water droplets in clouds affect reflectivity?
A) They make clouds less reflective
B) They make clouds transparent
C) They make clouds more reflective
D) They have no effect on reflectivity
  • 25. What is the effect of smaller cloud droplets on rainfall in models?
A) They have no impact on rainfall
B) They decrease rainfall
C) They cause flash flooding
D) They increase rainfall
  • 26. What was the main source of sulfate aerosols before the Industrial Revolution?
A) Vehicle exhaust emissions
B) Agricultural waste burning
C) Industrial coal burning
D) Dimethyl sulfide from oceanic plankton
  • 27. Which eruption is mentioned as an example of volcanic impact on aerosols?
A) Mount Pinatubo
B) Mount St. Helens
C) Mount Vesuvius
D) Krakatoa
  • 28. How much sulfur did the IPCC estimate was emitted by volcanoes annually in 1990?
A) 80 million tons
B) 40 million tons
C) 3 million tons
D) 10 million tons
  • 29. By 1980, how much sulfur was being produced annually by human-caused emissions?
A) 40 million tons
B) 15 million tons
C) 80 million tons
D) 3 million tons
  • 30. What is the colloquial name for black carbon?
A) Soot
B) Sulfates
C) Smog
D) Dust
  • 31. What process forms black carbon?
A) Chemical precipitation
B) Incomplete combustion
C) Complete combustion
D) Nuclear fusion
  • 32. What is the primary source of black carbon in Asia and Africa?
A) Diesel combustion
B) Coal use
C) Oceanic plankton
D) Volcanoes
  • 33. What is the primary source of black carbon in Europe and The Americas?
A) Diesel combustion
B) Agricultural burning
C) Coal use
D) Forest fires
  • 34. How many premature deaths are linked to air pollution in the lower atmosphere annually?
A) 500,000
B) 7 million
C) 10 million
D) 1 million
  • 35. Research into which city's cloud identified that black carbon affects sunlight?
A) Denver
B) London
C) Tokyo
D) New York
  • 36. Compared to regular soil dust, how much more effective is black carbon at absorbing sunlight in clouds?
A) 50 times
B) 190 times
C) 10 times
D) 500 times
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