White Sands National Park - Quiz
White Sands National Park
  • 1. What was the primary reason Spanish colonists established salt trails in 1647?
A) To connect the salt deposits with the Camino Real and silver mines in Durango, Mexico.
B) To establish trade routes with indigenous tribes.
C) To create a direct path to Santa Fe.
D) To explore new territories for settlement.
  • 2. Which event led to the dissolution of James Magoffin's property claim to the salt flats?
A) An economic downturn affecting mineral mining.
B) A legal dispute with Hispanic settlers over land boundaries.
C) The discovery of oil in the Tularosa Basin.
D) His use of military force during the Magoffin Salt War.
  • 3. What was the primary use of gypsum sand by Hispanic families in their homes?
A) As a decorative element for interior design.
B) To build fences around their properties.
C) To create plaster for adobe walls, which helped deflect summer sun rays.
D) For constructing furniture and household items.
  • 4. What was the outcome of the first U.S. Army exploration in south-central New Mexico in 1849?
A) Mapping a potential military wagon route to the Sierra Blanca.
B) Discovering significant mineral deposits.
C) Establishing permanent settlements in the Tularosa Basin.
D) Negotiating peace treaties with local Apache tribes.
  • 5. What economic activity became dominant in the Tularosa Basin after a brief period of heavy rainfall in the 1880s?
A) Mining, driven by the discovery of new mineral deposits.
B) Ranching, due to the return of lush grasslands.
C) Farming, with a focus on crop cultivation.
D) Tourism, attracting visitors to the natural beauty of the area.
  • 6. What was the primary purpose of Eddy's Soda Prospect operation?
A) Extraction of oil and coal deposits.
B) Glauberite salt mining along the southern shore of Lake Lucero.
C) Production of soda ash for industrial use.
D) Development of a tourist attraction.
  • 7. What was the fate of J.R. Milner and Bill Fetz's plaster of Paris batching plant?
A) It relocated to a different part of the Tularosa Basin.
B) It expanded operations after discovering new gypsum deposits.
C) It was shut down due to the establishment of the national monument.
D) It became a tourist attraction showcasing industrial history.
  • 8. What did Hispanic families mix with water to create plaster for their homes?
A) Sand and lime.
B) Clay and straw.
C) Cement and gravel.
D) Gypsum sand from the dunefield.
  • 9. What was the primary reason the Tularosa Basin was avoided until the nineteenth century?
A) There were no known mineral resources.
B) It was considered sacred by indigenous tribes.
C) The terrain was too difficult for settlement.
D) It lacked any reliable water sources and was a stronghold of local Apaches.
  • 10. What did the courts establish as a precedent after dissolving Magoffin's property claim?
A) Exclusive rights for Hispanic populations to gather salt.
B) Military control over the Tularosa Basin.
C) Private ownership of all mineral resources in the basin.
D) Free public access to salt deposits.
  • 11. What did Felipe Lucero consolidate by 1940?
A) The family's ranches into a 20,000-acre property.
B) A series of agricultural farms throughout New Mexico.
C) A network of trade routes connecting different settlements.
D) A mining company with extensive operations in the basin.
  • 12. What was the primary reason for the establishment of salt trails by Spanish colonists?
A) To create a defensive perimeter against Apache attacks.
B) To establish trade with indigenous tribes.
C) To explore new territories in the Tularosa Basin.
D) To facilitate the transport of salt to silver mines and the Camino Real.
  • 13. What was the primary economic activity of Texan-American settlers in the Tularosa Basin?
A) Profiting from the mining of minerals on their property.
B) Establishing educational institutions.
C) Trading with indigenous tribes.
D) Farming and agriculture.
  • 14. What was the primary reason for the establishment of ranching in the Tularosa Basin?
A) The decline of mining activities.
B) The discovery of new water sources.
C) Government incentives for cattle farming.
D) The return of lush grasslands after a period of heavy rainfall.
  • 15. What was the primary reason for the establishment of Hispanic farming communities in Tularosa and La Luz?
A) To establish trade routes with other settlements.
B) To explore new agricultural techniques.
C) To utilize gypsum sand from the dunefield for plastering adobe homes.
D) To create a defensive network against Apache attacks.
  • 16. What was the primary reason for the establishment of mining claims in the Tularosa Basin at the turn of the twentieth century?
A) The establishment of new trade routes.
B) The discovery of oil, coal, silver, gold, and other precious mineral deposits.
C) The decline of ranching activities.
D) Government incentives for mineral exploration.
  • 17. When was White Sands National Park originally designated as a national monument?
A) 1986
B) January 18, 1933
C) 1941
D) December 20, 2019
  • 18. What was the primary reason for the disappearance of Lake Otero?
A) Human intervention
B) Earthquake
C) Drought
D) Evaporation as the ice sheet receded
  • 19. Which tool did Archaic people invent to improve upon the hand-thrown spear?
A) Throwing stick
B) Atlatl
C) Bow and arrow
D) Sling
  • 20. What plant might have attracted Archaic people to the Tularosa Basin after dunes stabilized?
A) Squash
B) Beans
C) Indian ricegrass
D) Corn
  • 21. What temperature does gypsum need to reach to become a plaster that hardens when moisture is added?
A) 350 °F (177 °C)
B) 212 °F (100 °C)
C) 300 °F (149 °C)
D) 400 °F (204 °C)
  • 22. When did the Jornada Mogollon people first inhabit the Tularosa Basin?
A) 1000 BCE
B) 1350 CE
C) Around 200 CE
D) 4,000 years ago
  • 23. Where were the Apaches removed to after conflicts with American settlers?
A) Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation
B) Fort Apache Reservation
C) Pine Ridge Reservation
D) Navajo Nation
  • 24. Which scandal led to Albert B. Fall's resignation?
A) Iran-Contra affair
B) Watergate scandal
C) Teapot Dome scandal
D) Whiskey Ring scandal
  • 25. Who became the first custodian of White Sands National Monument?
A) Bronson M. Cutting
B) Stephen Mather
C) Albert B. Fall
D) Tom Charles
  • 26. Who influenced President Herbert Hoover regarding the status of White Sands?
A) Senator Bronson M. Cutting
B) Tom Charles
C) Stephen Mather
D) Albert B. Fall
  • 27. Which U.S. Senator from New Mexico did not support the World Heritage Site application for White Sands?
A) Pete Domenici
B) Jeff Bingaman
C) Steve Pearce
D) Martin Heinrich
  • 28. Which organization opposed the redesignation of White Sands as a national park?
A) National Parks Conservation Association
B) Mescalero Apache Tribal Council
C) Otero County commissioners
D) Alamogordo City Commission
  • 29. Which body passed the National Defense Authorization Act after the House?
A) Alamogordo City Commission
B) The Senate
C) National Parks Conservation Association
D) Otero County Commission
  • 30. Which movie filmed at White Sands National Park was released in 1996?
A) Transformers
B) Independence Day
C) My Name Is Nobody
D) The Man Who Fell to Earth
  • 31. What is the total acreage of White Sands National Park?
A) 100,000 acres.
B) 50,000 acres.
C) 200,000 acres.
D) 148,588 acres.
  • 32. Which film featuring yoga teacher Erich Schiffmann was filmed at White Sands?
A) The Hired Hand (1971).
B) Bite the Bullet (1975).
C) Yoga Mind & Body (1994).
D) White Sands (1992).
  • 33. How much of the gypsum dunefield is protected by White Sands National Park?
A) 25%.
B) About 42%.
C) 100%.
D) 75%.
  • 34. What natural feature rises beyond the western boundary of White Sands National Park?
A) The Twin Buttes.
B) The San Andres Mountains.
C) Holloman Air Force Base.
D) Lake Lucero.
  • 35. What is the approximate depth of gypsum sand across the entire dunefield?
A) About 30 feet below the interdunal surface.
B) 10 feet.
C) 100 feet.
D) 50 feet.
  • 36. What is the approximate age of the gypsum dunefield?
A) 20,000 years old.
B) 500 years old.
C) 100,000 years old.
D) About 7,000–10,000 years old.
  • 37. What is the height of the tallest dunes in White Sands National Park?
A) About 60 feet high.
B) 10 feet high.
C) 100 feet high.
D) 30 feet high.
  • 38. Which film from 1975 was filmed at White Sands National Monument?
A) My Name Is Nobody (1973).
B) Transformers 2 (2009).
C) The Hired Hand (1971).
D) Bite the Bullet (1975).
  • 39. What is located to the south of White Sands National Park?
A) Lake Lucero.
B) Holloman Air Force Base.
C) The San Andres Mountains.
D) A rock formation called Twin Buttes.
  • 40. Which film was filmed at White Sands National Park in 1990?
A) The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976).
B) Young Guns II (1990).
C) Transformers (2007).
D) White Sands (1992).
  • 41. What is the approximate distance from White Sands National Park to El Paso International Airport?
A) 50 miles.
B) 100 miles.
C) 85 miles.
D) 150 miles.
  • 42. According to the Köppen climate classification system, what type of climate does White Sands National Park have?
A) Continental or cold semi-arid (BSk)
B) Cold desert (BWk)
C) Tropical rainforest
D) Humid subtropical (Cfa)
  • 43. What is the average annual precipitation at White Sands National Park?
A) 9.81 inches
B) 15 inches
C) 20 inches
D) 5 inches
  • 44. Which month typically has the highest amount of rainfall in White Sands National Park?
A) July
B) August
C) June
D) September
  • 45. During which months does the cooler climate with average low temperatures below 32 °F occur at White Sands National Park?
A) June through August
B) November through March
C) January through May
D) April through October
  • 46. What type of dunes are found along the northern, southern, and northeastern margins of White Sands?
A) Transverse dunes
B) Parabolic dunes
C) Barchan dunes
D) Dome dunes
  • 47. What technology have scientists used to discover old lakeshore terraces beneath the dunes at White Sands National Park?
A) Aerial photography
B) Laser scanning
C) Seismic reflection
D) Ground-penetrating radar
  • 48. What type of soil do the plants at White Sands National Park thrive in?
A) Nutrient-poor alkaline soil
B) Peaty soil
C) Sandy clay soil
D) Fertile loamy soil
  • 49. Which plant species at White Sands National Park is known for its vitamin C-rich young flower stalks?
A) Cane cholla
B) Mormon tea
C) Soaptree yucca
D) Purple sand verbena
  • 50. Which plant's fruit is considered among the sweetest of any desert plant in White Sands National Park?
A) Skunkbush sumac
B) Claret cup cactus
C) Cane cholla
D) Soaptree yucca
  • 51. Which plant's branches were woven into baskets by Native Americans?
A) Soaptree yucca
B) Mormon tea
C) Cane cholla
D) Rio Grande cottonwood (Populus deltoides wislizeni)
  • 52. Which plant's flower buds were used as a diuretic by Native Americans?
A) Purple sand verbena
B) Soaptree yucca
C) Cane cholla
D) Skunkbush sumac
  • 53. What is the primary use of skunkbush sumac's berries by Native Americans?
A) Using as a mild sedative
B) Producing dyes from tannin
C) Making a tart drink
D) Treating stings, bites, rashes, and sunburn
  • 54. What is the primary use of hoary rosemary mint by Native Americans?
A) Producing dyes from tannin
B) Making a mild sedative
C) Treating stings, bites, rashes, and sunburn
D) Seasoning foods
  • 55. Which of these animals is known for having a highly toxic venom?
A) sand-treader camel cricket
B) pallid bat
C) Maricopa harvester ant
D) Apache pocket mouse
  • 56. Which bird species is commonly seen in White Sands National Park?
A) sparrowhawk
B) mourning dove
C) blue jay
D) eagle owl
  • 57. Which reptile can detach its tail as an escape strategy?
A) southwestern fence lizard
B) little white whiptail
C) side-blotched lizard
D) bleached earless lizard
  • 58. Which bat species is most commonly seen in the park?
A) big brown bat
B) hoary bat
C) little brown bat
D) pallid bat
  • 59. What is the maximum speed of a black-tailed jackrabbit?
A) 50 mph (80 km/h)
B) 20 mph (32 km/h)
C) 60 mph (96 km/h)
D) 40 mph (64 km/h)
  • 60. Which amphibian has a hard, dark spade on the underside of each hind foot?
A) red-spotted toad
B) Great Plains toad
C) spadefoot toads
D) barred tiger salamander
  • 61. Which species is the only fish found in White Sands National Park?
A) bass
B) White Sands pupfish
C) catfish
D) rainbow trout
  • 62. Which snake species in the park is not venomous?
A) None, all listed snakes are venomous
B) Sonoran gopher snake
C) coachwhip
D) western diamondback rattlesnake
  • 63. Which of the following is a common lizard in White Sands National Park?
A) gecko
B) bleached earless lizard
C) chameleon
D) iguana
  • 64. What is the primary diet of the pallid bat?
A) Small mammals
B) Nectar
C) Fruits
D) Insects
  • 65. Which reptile is the sole resident turtle species in the park?
A) desert box turtle
B) red-eared slider
C) common snapping turtle
D) gopher tortoise
  • 66. Which of these animals was not found in the Tularosa Basin during the Pleistocene?
A) Tigers
B) Saber-toothed cats
C) Dire wolves
D) Columbian mammoths
  • 67. What is the primary reason fossil footprints in White Sands National Park erode quickly?
A) Rain washes them away
B) Human activity disturbs them
C) The wind rapidly erodes them
D) They are buried by sand dunes
  • 68. Which animal's fossilized footprints were discovered beside ancient seeds dated to more than 18,000 years ago?
A) Ground sloth
B) Dire wolf
C) Columbian mammoth
D) Saber-toothed cat
  • 69. What feature made saber-toothed cats particularly notable?
A) Small size
B) Long, slender legs
C) Oversized canine teeth
D) Climbing ability
  • 70. What is the estimated weight of a dire wolf?
A) 50–70 pounds
B) 300–350 pounds
C) 130–150 pounds
D) 200–250 pounds
  • 71. What type of evidence was found interacting with Ice Age animals in White Sands National Park?
A) Paleolithic human footprints
B) Dinosaur fossils
C) Modern human artifacts
D) Bird nests
  • 72. What type of environment did woolly mammoths evolve in?
A) Desert regions
B) Grasslands
C) Tropical rainforests
D) Colder regions
  • 73. Where did camels originally come from?
A) Africa
B) North America
C) Asia
D) Europe
  • 74. What modern animal does the ancient western camel resemble?
A) Giraffes
B) One-humped dromedary camels
C) Two-humped Bactrian camels
D) Horses
  • 75. What type of herbivores were ancient western camels?
A) Omnivores
B) Carnivores
C) Insectivores
D) Opportunistic herbivores
  • 76. What shape were the footprints left by ground sloths?
A) Kidney-bean-shaped
B) Square
C) Triangular
D) Circular
  • 77. How many picnic areas are available at White Sands National Park?
A) Three
B) One
C) Five
D) Two
  • 78. How far in advance are park staff usually notified of scheduled missile tests?
A) One week
B) 24 hours
C) Two weeks
D) A month
  • 79. What was the estimated spending by visitors in nearby communities in 2020?
A) $15 million
B) $30 million
C) $10 million
D) $22.5 million
  • 80. What program does the park participate in for various age groups?
A) Youth Adventure Initiative
B) Junior Ranger Program
C) Kids Nature Club
D) Senior Explorer Program
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