A) They only work for dense gases. B) They are not generally usable in practical problems. C) They contradict Newtonian mechanics. D) They are mathematically impossible to solve.
A) The BBGKY expansion B) Exact inverse power laws C) Hilbert's sixth problem D) Lattice Boltzmann methods
A) Representing the solution close to local equilibrium. B) Calculating the size of pointlike particles. C) Proving that particles have internal degrees of freedom. D) Defining the trajectory of cancer cells.
A) The Enskog equation B) The BBGKY hierarchy C) Euler and Navier–Stokes equations D) Newtonian mechanics
A) They are not defined for rarefied gases. B) They ignore translational motion. C) They have singularities. D) They are always equal to zero.
A) Hilbert's sixth problem B) The hypersonic aerodynamics limit C) Lanford's theorem D) The Enskog generalization
A) Particles have varying mass. B) Particles are exclusively charged. C) Particles are spheres of fixed radius. D) Particles are pointlike.
A) It only applies to plasma flows. B) It accounts for particles having finite size. C) It ignores collisions completely. D) It assumes all particles are at rest.
A) It must be solved using only binary collisions. B) It must be generalized and may include inelastic collisions. C) It becomes the Euler equation. D) It is no longer valid for dilute gases.
A) Using the Navier–Stokes equations. B) Using the BBGKY hierarchy. C) Through the Chapman–Enskog expansion. D) By assuming pointlike particles.
A) Boundary value deformation B) Hypersonic aerodynamics C) Electrical conductivity calculations D) Chemotaxis-related effects
A) Oscar Lanford B) The authors of the lattice Boltzmann method C) Hilbert and Boltzmann D) Yu Deng, Zaher Hani, and Xiao Ma
A) It only worked for plasma flows. B) It relied solely on numerical methods. C) It was restricted to very short time intervals. D) It failed to account for pointlike particles.
A) The study of cancer cell invasion. B) The macroscopic Navier–Stokes equations. C) The calculation of electrical conductivity. D) The mesoscopic kinetic description.
A) How macroscopic irreversibility emerges from time-reversible laws. B) How to solve the Enskog equation for dense gases. C) The singularity of higher-order expansion terms. D) The exact size of molecules in a liquid.
A) Conservation of mass B) Conservation of momentum C) Conservation of entropy D) Conservation of particle number
A) Viscous stress tensor plus hydrostatic pressure B) Only hydrostatic pressure C) Only viscous stress tensor D) The heat flux vector
A) Conservation of energy B) Conservation of momentum C) Conservation of angular momentum D) Conservation of charge
A) Density flux B) Pressure tensor C) Force vector D) Heat flux vector
A) m(v_i) B) m(v_i)/2 C) m(v_i)2 D) m(v_i)3
A) External force term B) Kinetic thermal energy C) Viscous stress D) Pressure gradient
A) p_i v_i B) m(v_i)2 / 2 C) m(v_i) / 2 D) m(v_i)2
A) Only hydrostatic pressure B) The time derivative of density C) The particle mass m D) Heat flux vector J_qi
A) Maxwell-Boltzmann equation B) Bose-Einstein equation C) Vlasov equation D) Fermi-Dirac equation
A) Two-body interaction postulate B) Molecular chaos assumption C) Statistical equilibrium assumption D) Differential cross section hypothesis
A) Differential cross section B) Force field intensity C) Total number of particles D) Mass density
A) The change in mass B) The application of a force field C) The collision D) The measurement of time
A) Force field vector sum B) Time-dependent derivative C) Position-based scalar product D) Momentum-space integral
A) v = mp B) p = m/v C) p = v/m D) p = mv
A) The collision integral B) Liouville's theorem C) Newton's second law D) The diffusion constant
A) ∂f/∂t B) ∇r C) ∇p D) Δf
A) ∂/∂t, ∂/∂r, ∂/∂p B) ∂/∂px, ∂/∂py, ∂/∂pz C) ∂/∂v, ∂/∂m, ∂/∂t D) ∂/∂x, ∂/∂y, ∂/∂z
A) Non-equilibrium B) Absolute zero C) Static equilibrium D) Vacuum state
A) 4-dimensional B) 12-dimensional C) 6-dimensional D) 3-dimensional
A) Three B) Six C) One D) Nine
A) Viscosity B) Atomic decay C) Quantum entanglement D) General relativity
A) No, they are always different B) Yes C) Only at absolute zero D) Only in mixtures
A) A gravitational field B) A superconducting wire C) A static solid crystal D) A fluid with temperature gradients
A) m B) f C) p D) ν
A) Force vector component B) Spatial dimension C) Time interval D) Chemical species
A) Ω B) r C) t D) j
A) Integration over solid angle B) Integration over time C) Integration over force magnitude D) Integration over spatial volume
A) m B) g C) p D) n
A) Maxwell summation convention B) Boltzmann summation convention C) Newtonian summation convention D) Einstein summation convention
A) Liouville operator B) Lagrangian operator C) Linearization operator D) Langevin operator
A) Galactic dynamics B) Stellar nucleosynthesis C) Fluid statistics D) Quantum optics
A) Density gradient B) Gamma function C) Christoffel symbol D) Gravitational constant
A) Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations B) Baryogenesis C) Classical mechanics D) Newtonian gravity
A) Euclidean B) Mixed contravariant-covariant C) Fully covariant D) Fully contravariant
A) Solar flare activity B) Big Bang nucleosynthesis C) Galaxy formation D) Supernova explosion |