 - 1. Eastern philosophy encompasses a wide range of philosophical traditions originating from Asia, including but not limited to Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Zen. One of the key principles in Eastern philosophy is the concept of interconnectedness and harmony with nature. It emphasizes practices such as meditation, mindfulness, compassion, and self-awareness as paths to enlightenment and spiritual growth. Eastern philosophy often focuses on the impermanence of life, the concept of karma, and the importance of finding inner peace and balance in a constantly changing world.
Who founded the philosophy of Taoism?
A) Confucius
B) Buddha
C) Lao Tzu
D) Sun Tzu
- 2. Which ancient Indian text is the foundation of Hindu philosophy?
A) The Vedas
B) The Ramayana
C) The Bhagavad Gita
D) The Upanishads
- 3. What does the term 'yin and yang' represent in Chinese philosophy?
A) Order and chaos
B) Good and evil
C) Dual forces that are complementary and interconnected
D) Creation and destruction
- 4. Who is considered the founder of Zen Buddhism in China?
A) Eihei Dogen
B) Huineng
C) Bodhidharma
D) Dogen
- 5. Who was the ancient Chinese philosopher known for his teachings in Confucianism?
A) Mencius
B) Confucius
C) Xunzi
D) Zhuangzi
- 6. What does the concept of 'Samsara' represent in Hinduism and Buddhism?
A) The eternal soul
B) The path to liberation
C) The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
D) The ultimate reality
- 7. What is the ultimate goal in Buddhism?
A) Nirvana
B) Enlightenment
C) Rebirth
D) Heaven
- 8. What is the term for 'impermanence' in Buddhism?
A) Dukkha
B) Prajna
C) Anicca
D) Samadhi
- 9. What is the Sanskrit term for 'non-attachment' in Eastern philosophies?
A) Moksha
B) Samsara
C) Prajna
D) Vairagya
- 10. Which term is used to refer to ancient philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent?
A) Hindu synthesis
B) Brahmanical synthesis
C) Sanskrit: dárśana
D) Vedic teachings
- 11. What is Hinduism traditionally called, meaning 'the eternal law' or 'the eternal way'?
A) Sanātana Dharma
B) Brahmanic Path
C) Dharmashastra
D) Vedanta
- 12. Which of the following is NOT one of the major traditions within Hinduism?
A) Jainism
B) Vaishnavism
C) Shaktism
D) Shaivism
- 13. Which philosophical texts are considered some of the earliest surviving from India?
A) Vedas
B) Upanishads
C) Ramayana
D) Mahabharata
- 14. Which concept refers to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Indian philosophy?
A) Dharma
B) Moksha
C) Karma
D) Samsara
- 15. What does 'dharma' signify in the context of Hinduism?
A) Liberation from rebirth
B) Duty or righteousness
C) Non-violence
D) Cycle of birth and death
- 16. Which Indian philosophical concept emphasizes non-violence?
A) Ahimsa
B) Samsara
C) Karma
D) Dharma
- 17. What is the term for reliable means of knowledge in Indian philosophy?
A) Atman
B) Sunyata
C) Brahman
D) Pramana
- 18. Which school of thought flourished during the early modern period under philosophers like Raghunatha Siromani?
A) Vedanta
B) Yoga
C) Navya-Nyāya
D) Samkhya
- 19. Which empire did Hindu thought spread to in Southeast Asia?
A) Maurya Empire
B) Mughal Empire
C) Gupta Empire
D) Srivijaya Empire
- 20. Which text is associated with the philosophy of love in Indian literature?
A) Ramayana
B) Kama Sutra
C) Upanishads
D) Arthashastra
- 21. Who was a philosopher that formulated a Jain response during the early modern period?
A) Yashovijaya
B) Jayarama Pancanana
C) Raghunatha Siromani
D) Mahadeva Punatamakara
- 22. Which philosophical concept involves the investigation of metaphysics, including Brahman-Atman?
A) Axiology
B) Ontology
C) Political philosophy
D) Epistemology
- 23. Which text is associated with political philosophy in Indian literature?
A) Upanishads
B) Kama Sutra
C) Arthashastra
D) Ramayana
- 24. How many major schools of orthodox Indian Hindu philosophy are there?
A) Six
B) Five
C) Four
D) Seven
- 25. Which school is known for its emphasis on meditation and liberation?
A) Vaisheshika
B) Yoga
C) Mīmāṃsā
D) Nyaya
- 26. Which text is the major work of the Yoga school?
A) Yoga sutras
B) Vedanta Sutras
C) Nyaya Sutras
D) Samkhyakarika
- 27. Which pramana is not accepted by Sāmkhya epistemology?
A) Pratyakṣa (perception)
B) Śabda (word/testimony)
C) Upamāṇa (comparison)
D) Anumāṇa (inference)
- 28. During which period was the distinction of the six orthodox schools current?
A) Medieval period
B) Vedic period
C) Gupta period
D) Maurya period
- 29. Which school survived into the 17th century as Navya Nyaya?
A) Vaisheshika
B) Mīmāṃsā
C) Samkhya
D) Nyaya
- 30. Which text is associated with the development of Sāmkhya during the medieval period?
A) Bhagavad Gita
B) Upanishads
C) Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra
D) Rigveda
- 31. Which school's tenets were absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta?
A) Vaisheshika
B) Mīmāṃsā
C) Samkhya
D) Nyaya
- 32. Which of the following is a heterodox school of Indian philosophy?
A) Buddhist
B) Vedanta
C) Nyaya
D) Yoga
- 33. What does the Nyāya school argue against in its philosophical debates?
A) The authority of the Vedas
B) The existence of atoms
C) The concept of karma
D) A creator God (Ishvara)
- 34. Which school of philosophy is known for its naturalist approach and atomism?
A) Yoga
B) Vaiśeṣika
C) Mīmāṃsā
D) Nyāya
- 35. Which additional category did later Vaiśeṣikas add to the original six padārthas?
A) Abhava (non-existence)
B) Buddhi (intellect)
C) Karma (action)
D) Chitta (mind-stuff)
- 36. Which Mīmāṃsā scholar is known for his work in the 7th century?
A) Udayana
B) Prabhākara
C) Śrīdhara
D) Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
- 37. Which school did Mīmāṃsā influence, known as Uttara-Mīmāṃsā?
A) Vedānta
B) Vaiśeṣika
C) Yoga
D) Nyāya
- 38. Which Vedānta sub-tradition emphasizes qualified non-dualism?
A) Advaita
B) Bhedabheda
C) Vishishtadvaita
D) Dvaita
- 39. Which Vedānta sub-tradition is associated with the bhakti movement?
A) Bhedabheda
B) Vishishtadvaita, due to its emphasis on devotion
C) Dvaita
D) Advaita
- 40. Who was a key figure in the Brahmo Samaj movement?
A) Swami Vivekananda
B) Mahatma Gandhi
C) Guru Nanak
D) Ram Mohan Roy
- 41. Who is considered a significant figure in the development of Jain philosophical discourse?
A) Pāṇini
B) Utpaladeva
C) Lakulisha
D) Mahavira
- 42. What is another name for Confucianism?
A) Daoism
B) Buddhism
C) Ruism
D) Legalism
- 43. What is the term for 'filial piety' in Confucianism?
A) Lǐ (禮/礼)
B) Xiào (孝)
C) Tiān (天)
D) Rén (仁)
- 44. What is the original term for 'zhexue'?
A) Tetsugaku
B) Ziran
C) Dao
D) Dharma
- 45. Which movement was initiated by Ram Mohan Roy?
A) Arya Samaj
B) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
C) Brahmo Samaj
D) Theosophical Society
- 46. Which key Buddhist concept critiques a fixed personal identity?
A) Shunyata
B) Anatta (not-self)
C) Dukkha
D) Vijnapti-matra
- 47. What is the name of the Chinese philosophical school that emphasizes harmony with the Tao?
A) Confucianism
B) Daoism
C) Legalism
D) Mohism
- 48. Which school of Pramāṇa promoted a complex form of epistemology and Buddhist logic?
A) The Vedanta school.
B) The Samkhya school.
C) The Nyaya school.
D) The Dignāga school
- 49. Which state did Shang Yang transform into the dominant power that eventually conquered China in 221 BCE?
A) Wei
B) Chu
C) Qin
D) Han
- 50. Which philosopher is reported to have said that only Greek and German languages are suitable for philosophizing?
A) Carine Defoort
B) Rein Raud
C) Victoria S. Harrison
D) Martin Heidegger
- 51. Who argues against the 'family' view of philosophy and offers a more flexible definition?
A) Rein Raud
B) Carine Defoort
C) Ouyang Min
D) Victoria S. Harrison
- 52. Which concept in Sikh philosophy emphasizes constant spiritual meditation of God's name?
A) Simran
B) Dharma
C) Seva
D) Advaita Vedanta
- 53. Jain philosophy is part of which tradition?
A) Shaivism
B) Śramaṇa
C) Vedic
D) Buddhism
- 54. Which Chinese philosophical school is known for its focus on strict laws and state control?
A) Daoism
B) Confucianism
C) Mohism
D) Legalism
- 55. What intellectual society during the Meiji period promoted European enlightenment thought?
A) Meirokusha
B) Kokugaku
C) New Confucianism
D) Kyoto School
- 56. According to the text, why is there no single unified philosophical tradition in Asia?
A) As a result of geographical isolation.
B) Because Asian philosophies were suppressed by Western influences.
C) Due to a lack of historical documentation.
D) Because various autonomous traditions have come into contact with each other over time.
- 57. Who was a modern interpreter and defender of Jainism?
A) Ram Mohan Roy
B) Mahatma Gandhi
C) Virchand Gandhi
D) Swami Vivekananda
- 58. What is the main concern of Buddhist philosophy?
A) Achieving material wealth.
B) Establishing a fixed personal identity.
C) Understanding metaphysical truths.
D) Freedom from dukkha (unease).
- 59. Which text is NOT part of the Prasthanatrayi?
A) The Bhagavad Gita
B) The Principal Upanishads
C) The Ramayana
D) The Brahma Sutras
- 60. Which form of modern Buddhism is known as 'Buddhism for Human Life'?
A) Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism
B) Japanese Zen Buddhism
C) Theravada Buddhism
D) Chinese humanistic Buddhism
- 61. Which dynasty saw the arrival of Buddhism in China?
A) Mughal Empire
B) Han dynasty
C) Zhou dynasty
D) Maurya Empire
- 62. Who is considered the founder of Sikhism?
A) Mahatma Gandhi
B) Guru Nanak
C) Ram Mohan Roy
D) Swami Vivekananda
- 63. What does Prakriti refer to in Vedānta?
A) Ultimate reality
B) The empirical world
C) Individual soul
D) Cycle of rebirth
- 64. Which term refers to the individual soul in Vedānta?
A) Prakriti
B) Brahman
C) Samsara
D) Ātman
- 65. Who was a key figure in the Kokugaku movement during Japan's Edo period?
A) Fukuzawa Yukichi
B) Kitaro Nishida
C) Motoori Norinaga
D) Nishi Amane
- 66. Which Chinese revolutionary leader's philosophy is known as Maoism?
A) Zhang Zhidong
B) Sun Yat-Sen
C) Hu Shih
D) Mao Zedong
- 67. Which philosophy arose from the Śramaṇic movement and denies the concept of atman?
A) Śaiva Siddhānta
B) Buddhism
C) Cārvāka
D) Jainism
- 68. What term did He Yan and Wang Bi focus on to describe the deep nature of Tao?
A) "Pu" (simplicity)
B) "Yin-yang"
C) "Ziran" (naturalness)
D) "Wu" (nothingness, non-being, negativity)
- 69. Which principle is believed to be the basis for Confucian values?
A) Heaven (Tiān)
B) Karma
C) Nirvana
D) Dao
- 70. Which East Asian Yogacara thinker contributed to new developments in Buddhism?
A) Sakya Pandita.
B) Dharmakirti.
C) Nagarjuna.
D) Xuanzang
- 71. Which scholar supports a 'family' view of philosophy that includes both Western and Asian thought?
A) Ouyang Min
B) Rein Raud
C) Carine Defoort
D) Victoria S. Harrison
- 72. Which philosopher anticipated that the Upanishads would influence Western thought?
A) Jean Gebser
B) Carl Jung
C) Arthur Schopenhauer
D) Watsuji Tetsurô
- 73. Which school is known for its focus on mercury?
A) Pratyabhijña
B) Pāṇini Darśana
C) Śaiva Siddhānta
D) Raseśvara
- 74. What concept is Mohism best known for, emphasizing care for all individuals equally?
A) Taoist spontaneity
B) Legalist pragmatism
C) Impartial care
D) Confucian ritualism
- 75. What was the main philosophical influence on New Confucianism in China?
A) Daoism
B) Buddhism
C) Western Marxism
D) Traditional Confucian thought
- 76. Which of these is not one of the Three Pillars of Sikhism?
A) Naam Japna
B) Kirat Karo
C) Vand Chakko
D) Monasticism
- 77. Which movement in China sought to incorporate Western democracy and republicanism?
A) New Confucianism
B) May Fourth Movement
C) Kyoto School
D) Critical Buddhism
- 78. What does the term 'Seva' in Sikhism refer to?
A) Ritual sacrifice
B) Meditation
C) Selfless service
D) Monastic life
- 79. Which virtue in Taoism emphasizes effortless action?
A) Ziran
B) Spontaneity
C) Wu wei
D) Pu
- 80. Which Chinese modernist was influential in the development of Buddhist modernism?
A) Mencius
B) Laozi
C) Taixu
D) Confucius
- 81. Which school of thought was founded by Mozi and his students?
A) Mohism
B) Confucianism
C) Legalism
D) Taoism
- 82. Which philosophy did Swami Vivekananda help popularize in the West?
A) Advaita Vedanta
B) Mohism
C) Confucianism
D) Legalism
- 83. What is the main sacred text of Sikhism?
A) The Guru Granth Sahib
B) Tripitaka
C) Bhagavad Gita
D) Upanishads
- 84. What philosophical tradition did Dignāga contribute to in Indian philosophy?
A) A logical decline.
B) A metaphysical revolution.
C) A spiritual awakening.
D) An 'epistemological turn'.
- 85. What is the official political ideology of North Korea known as?
A) Legalism
B) Marxism-Leninism
C) Confucianism
D) Juche
- 86. Who coined the term 'zhexue' in 1873?
A) Martin Heidegger
B) Carine Defoort
C) Victoria S. Harrison
D) Nishi Amane
- 87. What does the Vipassana movement focus on?
A) Insight meditation practices
B) Ritualistic ceremonies
C) Rejection of all forms of Buddhism
D) Supernatural beliefs
- 88. What was the main text of the Mohist school called?
A) Han Feizi
B) Analects
C) Daodejing
D) Mozi
- 89. When did early forms of Taoism begin to develop?
A) In the 4th century BCE
B) During the Tang dynasty
C) In the 1st century CE
D) During the Han dynasty
- 90. In which country did Confucianism become dominant during the Joseon dynasty?
A) Taiwan
B) Vietnam
C) Japan
D) Korea
- 91. Who was a key figure in the Legalist school known for his work as an administrator and political philosopher?
A) Shen Buhai
B) Mozi
C) Han Fei
D) Confucius
- 92. Which of the following is a concept shared by Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism?
A) Raseśvara
B) Pāṇini Darśana
C) Karma
D) Pratyabhijña
- 93. Which German philosopher's works were translated by Yan Fu into Chinese?
A) John Stuart Mill
B) Friedrich Nietzsche
C) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
D) Immanuel Kant
- 94. Who is considered the founder of the School of Naturalists or Yin-yang?
A) Confucius
B) Zou Yan
C) Mozi
D) Laozi
- 95. The Pratyabhijña school is associated with which form of Shaivism?
A) ascetic Shaivism
B) non-dual Shaiva tantra
C) mercurial Shaivism
D) dualistic Shaivism
- 96. Which school of Shaivism was founded by Lakulisha around the 2nd century CE?
A) Śaiva Siddhānta
B) Paśupata
C) Raseśvara
D) Pratyabhijña
- 97. Which Chinese philosopher was influenced by John Dewey's pragmatism?
A) Hu Shih
B) Mao Zedong
C) Xu Fuguan
D) Zhang Zhidong
- 98. Which form of Buddhism was influenced by Western psychology?
A) Western Buddhism
B) Pure Land Buddhism
C) Theravada Buddhism
D) Zen Buddhism
- 99. What is the term for Confucianism's recent revival?
A) Neo-Confucianism
B) Modern Confucianism
C) New Confucianism
D) Classical Confucianism
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