Anarchism in Japan - Quiz
Anarchism in Japan
  • 1. Who was identified as a clear leader in the anarchist movement by 1923?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Hatta Shūzō
C) Ishikawa Sanshirō
D) Ōsugi
  • 2. What event did the state use as a pretext to round up Ōsugi and Itō Noe?
A) Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
B) 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
C) The Taishō democracy movement
D) Founding of the Farmer-Labour Party
  • 3. According to Harumi Setouchi, how were Itō, Ōsugi, and the 6-year-old nephew killed?
A) Poisoned
B) Executed by a formal firing squad
C) Beaten to death and thrown into an abandoned well
D) Strangled in their cells
  • 4. According to Patricia Morley, how were Itō and Ōsugi killed?
A) Beaten to death in a well
B) Hanged publicly
C) Strangled in their cells
D) Shot by military police
  • 5. Which military police lieutenant led the squad responsible for the Amakasu Incident?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō
B) Kōtoku Shūsui
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Masahiko Amakasu
  • 6. Which terrorist group was sparked to action in anger over the Amakasu Incident?
A) Girochinsha
B) Zenkoku Jiren
C) Kokuren
D) Farmer-Labour Party
  • 7. Whose execution did John Crump compare Ōsugi's murder to?
A) Kōtoku Shūsui
B) Hatta Shūzō
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Sacco and Vanzetti
  • 8. How many years prior to Ōsugi's death was Kōtoku Shūsui executed?
A) Twenty years
B) Five years
C) Twelve years
D) Ten years
  • 9. What dominant tendency emerged within Japanese anarchism after Ōsugi's death?
A) Marxism
B) 'Pure' anarchism
C) Anarcho-syndicalism
D) Bolshevism
  • 10. 'Pure' anarchism was a form of which political ideology?
A) Anarcho-communism
B) Capitalism
C) State socialism
D) Social democracy
  • 11. 'Pure' anarchism was primarily a reaction against what?
A) Bolshevism
B) Capitalism
C) Christianity
D) Anarcho-syndicalism
  • 12. Who championed 'pure' anarchism alongside Hatta Shūzō?
A) Itō Noe
B) Iwasa Sakutarō
C) Ōsugi Sakae
D) Ishikawa Sanshirō
  • 13. Why did the label 'pure' anarchism originally come about?
A) As a self-chosen title by trade unionists
B) To honor Kōtoku Shūsui
C) As an attempt to ridicule the perceived arrogance of the ideology
D) To promote industrial trade unionism
  • 14. Why did 'pure' anarchism appeal to many Japanese anarchists?
A) It embraced Bolshevik industrialization
B) It was seen to be unadulterated by Marxism
C) It supported the state political parties
D) It incorporated capitalist labor unions
  • 15. What was Hatta Shūzō's profession before becoming an influential anarchist?
A) Military police lieutenant
B) Christian pastor
C) Farmer-Labour Party official
D) Newspaper editor
  • 16. Why was Hatta Shūzō ejected from his church congregation?
A) For advocating capitalist industrialization
B) For supporting the Bolshevik revolution
C) For holding a memorial service for Ōsugi Sakae
D) For joining the Farmer-Labour Party
  • 17. What was the main source of Hatta Shūzō's influence within the anarchist movement?
A) His leadership of the CGT union
B) His wealth and property
C) His public speaking skills
D) His background in military police
  • 18. During which years was Hatta Shūzō actively involved in the anarchist movement?
A) 1924 until 1932
B) 1925 until 1926
C) 1911 until 1923
D) 1923 until 1945
  • 19. What two major influences did Hatta Shūzō particularly seek to eliminate?
A) Marxism and trade unionism
B) Capitalism and bolshevism
C) Christianity and democracy
D) Anarcho-syndicalism and agrarianism
  • 20. Why did Hatta Shūzō consider capitalism and bolshevism to be essentially similar?
A) Because both promoted decentralized agrarian communes
B) Because both were led by Christian pastors
C) Because both rejected the state entirely
D) Because Bolshevik industrialisation involved exploitative elements like the division of labour
  • 21. Why did Hatta oppose anarcho-syndicalism?
A) It incorporated labour unions and mirrored the capitalist division of labour
B) It was entirely free of industrial elements
C) It promoted local communes focused on agriculture
D) It was completely unadulterated by Marxism
  • 22. What type of society did Hatta Shūzō advocate to avoid unequal distribution of power?
A) A heavily centralized industrial state run by trade unions
B) A capitalist democracy with parliamentary political parties
C) A decentralised society with local communes engaged in agriculture and small-scale industry
D) A Bolshevik-style industrialized republic
  • 23. What were the two main organisations within the Japanese anarchist movement in the late 1920s?
A) FAI and CNT
B) Girochinsha and Farmer-Labour Party
C) CGT and Kokushoku Seinen
D) Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren
  • 24. The relationship between Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren was compared to the relationship between which Spanish groups?
A) Republicans and Nationalists
B) FAI and CNT
C) CGT and FAI
D) CNT and CGT
  • 25. What historical era provided the roots for Kokuren's development?
A) Edo period
B) Shōwa wartime era
C) Taishō era
D) Meiji era
  • 26. When was the Farmer-Labour Party formed by a coalition of leftists?
A) April 1926
B) May 1926
C) December 1925
D) January 1926
  • 27. Why did anarchists gatecrash the opening conference of the Farmer-Labour Party?
A) Because they supported the party's democratic developments
B) Because they wanted to merge Kokuren with the party
C) Because they wanted to take leadership of the party
D) Because they perceived political parties as opportunists that reinforced the state
  • 28. What happened to the Farmer-Labour Party on the day of its founding?
A) It merged with Zenkoku Jiren
B) It successfully formed a national government
C) It was banned by the authorities
D) It published the newspaper Kokushoku Seinen
  • 29. When was the Kokushoku Seinen Renmei (Kokuren) formed?
A) May 1926
B) January 1926
C) December 1925
D) April 1926
  • 30. What does Kokuren stand for in full?
A) Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai
B) Kokushoku Seinen Renmei
C) Jiyū Rengō
D) Kokushoku Seinen
  • 31. What is the English translation of Kokushoku Seinen Renmei?
A) Black Youth League
B) Libertarian Labour Federation
C) Black Youth Newspaper
D) All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions
  • 32. Where did Kokuren extend its regional federations besides Japan?
A) Japanese-occupied Korea and Taiwan
B) The Philippines and Vietnam
C) China and Russia
D) The United States and Spain
  • 33. What was the media organ of Kokuren, published from April 1926?
A) Girochinsha Gazette
B) An Investigation into Syndicalism
C) Kokushoku Seinen
D) Jiyū Rengō
  • 34. What is the English translation of Kokushoku Seinen?
A) Libertarian Union
B) Black Youth League
C) Free Federation
D) Black Youth
  • 35. When was Zenkoku Jiren formed?
A) December 1925
B) January 1926
C) May 1926
D) April 1926
  • 36. What does Zenkoku Jiren stand for in full?
A) Kokushoku Seinen Jiyū
B) Kokushoku Seinen Renmei
C) Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai
D) Zenkoku Seinen Renmei
  • 37. What is the English translation of Zenkoku Jiren's full name?
A) All-Japan Pure Anarchist Federation
B) All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions
C) Black Youth League
D) Libertarian Youth Alliance
  • 38. Approximately how many members did Zenkoku Jiren start with at its founding?
A) 8,372 members
B) 1926 members
C) 50,000 members
D) 1,923 members
  • 39. Which anarcho-syndicalist helped to found Zenkoku Jiren?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Hatta Shūzō
C) Ishikawa Sanshirō
D) Masahiko Amakasu
  • 40. Which foreign union did Zenkoku Jiren strongly mirror at its founding?
A) American AFL union
B) French CGT union
C) Russian Bolshevik party
D) Spanish FAI federation
  • 41. What key commitment of Zenkoku Jiren allowed member unions autonomy to pursue disputes freely?
A) 'Bolshevik industrialisation'
B) 'Libertarian federation'
C) 'Class collaboration'
D) 'Pure anarchism'
  • 42. What was the media organ of Zenkoku Jiren, published from June 1926?
A) Kokushoku Seinen
B) Jiyū Rengō
C) An Investigation into Syndicalism
D) The Girochinsha Journal
  • 43. Which joint campaign did Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren collaborate on regarding two Italian anarchists in the United States?
A) A campaign against the Amakasu Incident
B) A protest against the ban of the Farmer-Labour Party
C) A campaign against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
D) A movement against Bolshevik industrialisation
  • 44. How did Kokuren differ from Zenkoku Jiren in terms of its nature?
A) Kokuren operated as a legal political party in parliament
B) Kokuren was more theoretical in nature and thus more unwilling to compromise
C) Kokuren rejected pure anarchism entirely
D) Kokuren was focused entirely on labour union strikes
  • 45. Whose influence particularly emphasized Kokuren's theoretical and uncompromising nature?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō's influence
B) Masahiko Amakasu's influence
C) Hatta Shūzō's influence
D) Ōsugi Sakae's influence
  • 46. What was the title of the serialised article published by Hatta Shūzō in Kokushoku Seinen in late 1927?
A) 'Pure Anarchism and Agriculture'
B) 'The Fall of the Farmer-Labour Party'
C) 'The Amakasu Incident'
D) 'An Investigation into Syndicalism'
  • 47. Which movement did Japanese anarchists share an ideological affinity and historical connection with regarding violence?
A) French Royalists
B) American Abolitionists
C) Russian Socialist Revolutionaries
D) British Labour Party
  • 48. When did some anarchist militants begin making plans for a bombing campaign?
A) 1911
B) 1909
C) 1903
D) 1914
  • 49. Who authored the pamphlet critical of the Emperor that Takichi Miyashita distributed?
A) Kanson Arahata
B) Uchiyama Gudō
C) Kōtoku
D) Ōsugi Sakae
  • 50. What was the profession or role of Uchiyama Gudō according to the text?
A) British syndicalist
B) French journalist
C) Buddhist anarchist
D) Russian revolutionary
  • 51. Who was released from prison and had a love affair with the already-married Kōtoku?
A) Kanno Sugako
B) Takichi Miyashita
C) Uchiyama Gudō
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 52. When did Kōtoku withdraw from the bombing plot?
A) May 1910
B) Late 1909
C) January 1911
D) October 1912
  • 53. When was Kōtoku arrested and indicted despite his earlier withdrawal?
A) October 1912
B) January 1911
C) June 1910
D) May 1910
  • 54. How many anarchists were ultimately indicted in the High Treason Incident?
A) 100
B) 26
C) 4
D) 12
  • 55. What stance did Ōsugi Sakae take upon his release regarding violent tactics?
A) He advocated for immediate armed revolution
B) He planned a new bombing campaign
C) He forsow violent tactics
D) He funded violent secret societies
  • 56. What Japanese term is used for the 'winter period' of Japanese anarchism?
A) Heimin Shinbun
B) Fuyu jidai
C) CGT union
D) Kindai Shisō
  • 57. When did Iwasa Sakutarō return to Japan from the US?
A) 1914
B) 1908
C) 1916
D) 1909
  • 58. Where did Kanson Arahata retreat to during the winter period?
A) France
B) Tokyo
C) The countryside
D) The United States
  • 59. When did Kanson Arahata return to Tokyo after the winter retreat?
A) 1914
B) 1916
C) 1911
D) 1913
  • 60. When did Ōsugi and Arahata begin publishing the journal Modern Thought (Kindai Shisō)?
A) October 1912
B) March 1915
C) October 1914
D) May 1910
  • 61. When was the 'Society for the Study of Syndicalism' formed?
A) 1911
B) 1913
C) 1916
D) 1909
  • 62. Whose efforts, alongside the CGT, were lectured on by the Society for the Study of Syndicalism?
A) Henri Bergson
B) Max Stirner
C) Tom Mann
D) Kropotkin
  • 63. When did Ōsugi and Arahata attempt to replace Modern Thought with a revival of the Heimin Shinbun newspaper?
A) March 1915
B) 1916
C) October 1912
D) October 1914
  • 64. Who was a leading advocate of the anarcho-communism faction in Europe who signed the Manifesto of the Sixteen?
A) Georges Sorel
B) Tom Mann
C) Kropotkin
D) Max Stirner
  • 65. Which cause did Kropotkin support in the First World War through the Manifesto of the Sixteen?
A) Japanese neutrality
B) The Allied cause
C) Global military disarmament
D) The Central Powers
  • 66. When did Japanese anarchism reach its height?
A) 1920s
B) 1880s
C) 1900s
D) 1940s
  • 67. In what year was Kōtoku Shūsui executed for treason?
A) 1931
B) 1911
C) 1900
D) 1923
  • 68. In what direction did Hatta Shūzō reorient the anarchist movement in the late 1920s?
A) State socialist
B) Right-wing nationalist
C) Liberal democratic
D) Anarcho-communist
  • 69. From what year onwards was the anarchist movement suppressed more harshly due to wartime policies?
A) 1911
B) 1908
C) 1923
D) 1931
  • 70. What did Bowen Raddeker describe Andō Shōeki's advocacy as?
A) State communism
B) Anarcho-syndicalism
C) Mutual aid
D) Liberal democracy
  • 71. Which newspaper described Andō Shōeki as an anarchist in 1908?
A) Nihon Heimin Shinbun
B) Kokuren
C) Rikken Seiyūkai
D) Rikken Jiyūtō
  • 72. What did Iwasa Sakutarō's grandfather use his influence as headman to encourage?
A) Hierarchical state governance
B) Capitalist industrialization
C) Communal farming practices
D) Military conscription
  • 73. In what year did Kōtoku join the staff of the Yorozu Chūhō newspaper?
A) 1903
B) 1898
C) 1900
D) 1901
  • 74. Under which law was the first Social Democratic Party immediately outlawed?
A) 1905 Publication Law
B) 1903 Anti-War Act
C) 1900 Peace Preservation Law
D) 1901 Imperial Decree
  • 75. Who was the Christian pacifist who collaborated with Kōtoku and Sakai to oppose the war with Russia?
A) Kōtoku Shūsai
B) Ishikawa Sanshirō
C) Uchimura Kanzō
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 76. Which socialist collaborated with Kōtoku and Uchimura Kanzō to oppose the war with Russia?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Kōtoku Shūsai
C) Sakai Toshihiko
D) Ishikawa Sanshirō
  • 77. What was the name of the anti-war group started by Kōtoku, Sakai, and Ishikawa Sanshirō?
A) Anarcho-Communist League
B) Heimin-sha
C) Yorozu Chūhō
D) Social Democratic Party
  • 78. In what month and year was the Heimin Shinbun newspaper founded?
A) November 1903
B) May 1901
C) February 1904
D) January 1905
  • 79. What does Heimin Shinbun literally translate to?
A) Revolutionary Tribune
B) Commoners' Newspaper
C) Socialist Voice
D) Workers' Herald
  • 80. When did the Russo-Japanese War break out?
A) January 1905
B) November 1905
C) November 1903
D) February 1904
  • 81. What kind of means did Heimin Shinbun urge radicals to use when fighting against their government?
A) Peaceful means
B) Parliamentary tactics
C) Violent uprising
D) Armed rebellion
  • 82. Whose work did Kōtoku translate into Japanese for the first time for the anniversary issue of Heimin Shinbun?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō
B) Iwasa Sakutarō
C) Karl Marx
D) Uchimura Kanzō
  • 83. What specific work by Karl Marx did Kōtoku translate into Japanese?
A) Das Kapital
B) The Civil War in France
C) The Communist Manifesto
D) The Eighteenth Brumaire
  • 84. When did the Heimin-sha group dissolve itself after the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War?
A) January 1905
B) February 1905
C) November 1905
D) July 1905
  • 85. In which country did Kōtoku live from November 1905 to June 1906?
A) The United States
B) England
C) France
D) Russia
  • 86. Which US state did Kōtoku spend most of his time in?
A) New York
B) California
C) Washington
D) Illinois
  • 87. What was the name of the journal published by the Social Revolutionary Party?
A) Mother Earth
B) The Change In My Thought
C) Fields, Factories and Workshops
D) Kakumei
  • 88. When was the Japan Socialist Party founded?
A) 1908
B) 1907
C) 1906
D) 1910
  • 89. Which more moderate government permitted the Japan Socialist Party?
A) Saionji Kinmochi
B) Kōtoku
C) Sakai Toshihiko
D) Akaba Hajime
  • 90. When did Heimin Shinbun close due to the split?
A) April 1907
B) February 1907
C) June 1908
D) January 1907
  • 91. Which of the following figures was NOT arrested in the Red Flag Incident according to the text?
A) Hitoshi Yamakawa
B) Kanno Sugako
C) Akaba Hajime
D) Kanson Arahata
  • 92. What American anarcho-syndicalist pamphlet did Kōtoku endeavour to translate?
A) The Peasant's Gospel
B) The Conquest of Bread
C) Heimin Shinbun
D) The Social General Strike
  • 93. Which syndicalist organisation provided the inspiration for the goal of a revolutionary general strike?
A) Red Flag faction
B) IWW
C) Japan Socialist Party
D) Heimin Shinbun
  • 94. Whose seminal work The Conquest of Bread did Kōtoku translate into Japanese?
A) Ōsugi's
B) Yamakawa's
C) Akaba Hajime's
D) Kropotkin's
  • 95. What was the Japanese title of The Peasant's Gospel?
A) The Social General Strike
B) Nômin no Fukuin
C) The Conquest of Bread
D) Heimin Shinbun
  • 96. What was the name of the feminist magazine formed during the winter period?
A) The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation
B) Seitō
C) Yamakawa
D) Kokutai
  • 97. What did Itō Noe call for people to undermine in their everyday practice?
A) The translation industry
B) Foreign trade
C) The kokutai
D) The economy
  • 98. What term refers to the existing system of government in Japan that Itō opposed?
A) Bluestocking
B) Kokutai
C) Seitō
D) Prostitution
  • 99. Who did Itō engage in a debate with on the pages of Seitō between 1914 and 1916?
A) The Emperor
B) Yamakawa Kikue
C) Emma Goldman
D) An unnamed police officer
  • 100. Which American author's writings did Itō translate?
A) Bluestocking
B) Yamakawa Kikue
C) Itō Noe
D) Emma Goldman
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