Analects - Quiz
Analects
  • 1. What is considered arguably the most reliable source of biographical information about Confucius?
A) Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian
B) Early Zhou dynasty texts
C) The Analects
D) Oracle bone inscriptions
  • 2. Who wrote the principal biography of Confucius available to historians?
A) An early Zhou ruler
B) Confucius himself
C) Sima Qian
D) A later Confucian philosopher
  • 3. How did Confucius view himself regarding social and political traditions?
A) As an indifferent observer
B) As a transmitter
C) As the sole creator
D) As a fierce opponent
  • 4. During which dynasty did the social and political traditions that Confucius transmitted originate?
A) Han dynasty
B) Shang dynasty
C) Early Zhou dynasty
D) Qin dynasty
  • 5. What did Confucius believe should be done regarding 'ghosts' and 'spirits'?
A) Ignore them completely
B) Keep them at a distance
C) Worship them daily
D) Fear them intensely
  • 6. What should human beings base their values and social ideals on, according to Confucius?
A) Moral philosophy, tradition, and a natural love for others
B) Divine revelation and supernatural laws
C) Economic wealth and technological progress
D) Strict military might and absolute obedience
  • 7. What did Confucius's social philosophy largely depend on?
A) The total elimination of rituals
B) The suppression of personal desires
C) The cultivation of ren by every individual
D) The centralization of state power
  • 8. How did later Confucian philosophers explain the meaning of ren?
A) As strict adherence to military strategy
B) As the quality of having a kind manner
C) As the accumulation of material wealth
D) As absolute loyalty to a ruler
  • 9. How did Confucius actually use the term ren in the Analects?
A) To refer strictly to family relationships
B) To denote formal religious sacrifice
C) To mean simple politeness in speech
D) To describe an all-encompassing state of virtue
  • 10. Did any living person attain ren completely according to Confucius?
A) Yes, Confucius himself
B) No
C) Yes, the early Zhou kings
D) Yes, all rulers
  • 11. How did Confucius generally respond when his students asked him to define ren?
A) By assigning them written tests
B) By refusing to speak at all
C) Indirectly, offering illustrations and examples
D) With a precise dictionary definition
  • 12. According to Confucius, how would a person with a well-cultivated sense of ren speak?
A) Fiercely and aggressively
B) Carefully and modestly
C) Artfully and ingratiatingly
D) Loudly and authoritatively
  • 13. What is one emotional state associated with a person who has cultivated ren?
A) Constantly anxious about the future
B) Filled with deep anger toward enemies
C) Free from worry, unhappiness, and insecurity
D) Overwhelmed by severe stress
  • 14. What did Confucius advise people to do regarding their desires and propriety?
A) Abandon all propriety entirely
B) Moderate their desires and return to propriety
C) Suppress all human emotions forever
D) Fulfill every desire without restraint
  • 15. What did Confucius assure his followers when they were disappointed he wouldn't give a comprehensive definition of ren?
A) That they would find it in future books
B) That the definition was a secret
C) That they were not smart enough to understand
D) That he was sharing all that he could
  • 16. What did the cultivation of ren involve regarding oneself?
A) Depreciating oneself through modesty
B) Praising oneself loudly in public
C) Displaying immense personal wealth
D) Seeking constant admiration from others
  • 17. What kind of speech and manners did Confucius say should be avoided?
A) Honest speech and straightforward manners
B) Simple speech and slow manners
C) Artful speech and ingratiating manners
D) Modest speech and humble manners
  • 18. How can people who have cultivated ren be distinguished, according to Confucius?
A) Arrogant in posture and loud in voice
B) Flashy in dress and quick of speech
C) Simple in manner and slow of speech
D) Wealthy in property and proud in attitude
  • 19. What is the inverted Golden Rule taught by Confucius?
A) Seek revenge for any wrong committed
B) Treat others better than they treat you
C) Always obey whoever has power over you
D) Do not do to others what you would not like done to yourself
  • 20. What does a man with ren do when desiring to establish himself, according to the text?
A) Helps others establish themselves
B) Works completely in isolation
C) Relies solely on his family's status
D) Crushes his rivals to get ahead
  • 21. What quality did Confucius regard as crucial for the pursuit of moral self-cultivation?
A) The skill to govern a large military force
B) The ability to imagine and project oneself into the places of others
C) The talent to accumulate vast financial fortunes
D) The ability to memorize ancient historical dates
  • 22. What did Confucius regard as the simplest, most basic way to cultivate ren?
A) Writing philosophical treatises
B) Traveling to distant foreign lands
C) The exercise of devotion to one's parents and older siblings
D) Performing grand religious sacrifices
  • 23. What must be learned before ren can best be cultivated, according to Confucius?
A) Agricultural science
B) Military tactics
C) Self-discipline
D) Political rhetoric
  • 24. How is self-discipline best learned?
A) By practicing and cultivating one's understanding of li
B) By isolating oneself from society
C) Through rigorous physical punishment
D) Through absolute obedience to an emperor
  • 25. What are li?
A) Taxes and economic policies
B) Rituals and forms of propriety
C) Military ranks and titles
D) Spiritual ghosts and demons
  • 26. What should one's understanding of li inform?
A) Strictly business transactions
B) Only interactions with foreign rulers
C) Only major religious ceremonies
D) Everything that one says and does
  • 27. Did Confucius believe subjecting oneself to li meant suppressing one's desires?
A) No, it meant learning to reconcile them with the needs of family and community
B) No, it meant doing whatever felt good at the moment
C) Yes, it meant ignoring everyone else's feelings
D) Yes, it meant destroying all personal wishes completely
  • 28. What is the basis of a well-ordered society according to Confucius and his followers?
A) The expansion of military borders
B) The total absence of laws
C) The public cultivation of li
D) The accumulation of gold
  • 29. What important aspect of li did Confucius teach his students to observe?
A) The complete equality of all individuals in every aspect
B) The superiority of foreigners over locals
C) The elimination of all family structures
D) Practical social differences that exist between people in daily life
  • 30. How many key relationships are included in Confucian philosophy's 'five relationships'?
A) Seven
B) Ten
C) Three
D) Five
  • 31. Which of the following is one of the 'five relationships' in Confucian philosophy?
A) Ruler to ruled
B) General to soldier
C) Master to merchant
D) Teacher to stranger
  • 32. Which of the following is included in the 'five relationships'?
A) Uncle to nephew
B) Teacher to pupil
C) Grandfather to grandson
D) Father to son
  • 33. Which relationship is part of the Confucian 'five relationships'?
A) Neighbor to neighbor
B) Master to slave
C) Husband to wife
D) Landlord to tenant
  • 34. Which pair represents one of the 'five relationships'?
A) Father-in-law to son-in-law
B) Elder brother to younger brother
C) Mother to daughter
D) Cousin to cousin
  • 35. What is the final pair in the Confucian 'five relationships'?
A) Leader to follower
B) Friend to friend
C) Citizen to foreigner
D) Master to servant
  • 36. What does li manage in the Analects?
A) One's military strategy during wartime
B) One's interactions with all people across the world
C) One's financial investments and trade
D) One's relationship with one's family and close community
  • 37. How is ren practiced compared to li?
A) It is practiced exclusively during religious festivals
B) It is practiced broadly and informs interactions with all people
C) It is practiced secretly and only within the household
D) It is practiced only between rulers and ministers
  • 38. What did Confucius say about a ruler's ability to oppress subjects?
A) Subjects must never voice their opinions
B) Rulers have the absolute right to do whatever they want
C) Rulers could oppress subjects only at their own peril
D) Oppression is necessary for a well-ordered society
  • 39. What did Confucius say about the humblest peasant?
A) He must obey the Three Armies blindly
B) You cannot deprive him of his opinion
C) He is incapable of moral cultivation
D) He has no right to participate in society
  • 40. What would a morally well-cultivated individual regard as a mission for which he would be willing to die?
A) His devotion to loving others
B) His accumulation of personal fame
C) His conquest of enemy territories
D) His absolute obedience to an evil ruler
  • 41. Who is traditionally believed to have compiled the Analects?
A) Zhu Xi
B) Ban Gu
C) Emperor Jing of Han
D) Confucius's followers
  • 42. During which historical period do scholars reach a consensus that large portions of the text were composed?
A) Early Han dynasty
B) Eastern Han dynasty
C) Late Song dynasty
D) Warring States period
  • 43. What is considered the most basic step to cultivating ren?
A) Strict adherence to legal codes
B) Public speaking
C) Filial piety
D) Military service
  • 44. When did Confucius die?
A) 479 BCE
B) 175 AD
C) 221 BCE
D) 5 BC
  • 45. Who argued on linguistic grounds that the last five books of the Analects were produced much later than the rest?
A) Itō Jinsai
B) Arthur Waley
C) Zhu Xi
D) Cui Shu
  • 46. Which books did Arthur Waley speculate represented the earliest parts of the Analects?
A) Books 11–20
B) Books 1–2
C) Books 16–20
D) Books 3–9
  • 47. What percentage of Confucius's sayings cited by his second-generation student Mencius do not exist in the received text of the Analects?
A) 25%
B) 90%
C) 75%
D) 50%
  • 48. According to the Han dynasty scholar Liu Xiang, how many versions of the Analects existed at the beginning of the Han dynasty?
A) Three
B) Two
C) Four
D) Five
  • 49. How many chapters did the Lu version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty
B) Twenty-one
C) Twenty-two
D) Twenty-five
  • 50. How many chapters did the Qi version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-five
B) Twenty
C) Twenty-two
D) Twenty-one
  • 51. How many chapters did the Old Text version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-one
B) Twenty-two
C) Twenty
D) Twenty-five
  • 52. Who synthesized the Lu and Qi versions to produce a composite text known as the 'Zhang Hou Lun'?
A) Liu Xiang
B) Huan Tan
C) Cui Shu
D) Zhang Yu
  • 53. Where were the Stone Classics of the Xinping Era written in stone around 175 AD?
A) Pyongyang
B) Dunhuang
C) Anhui
D) Luoyang
  • 54. In what year was the Dingzhou Analects discovered?
A) 2011
B) 2015
C) 1973
D) 1992
  • 55. In what year was the Pyongyang Analects discovered?
A) 2015
B) 1992
C) 2011
D) 1973
  • 56. In what year was a transcription of the Dingzhou Analects contents finally published?
A) 1997
B) 1973
C) 2009
D) 2015
  • 57. In what year was the first academic study on the Pyongyang Analects published?
A) 1997
B) 2009
C) 2011
D) 1992
  • 58. What corpus of excavated Warring States period bamboo strips containing twenty-five Confucius' sayings was acquired by Anhui University in 2015?
A) Pyongyang Analects
B) Kongzi Said
C) Dingzhou Analects
D) Anda Manuscript Zhongni Said
  • 59. In the 'Anda Manuscript Zhongni Said', by what courtesy name is Confucius the master referred?
A) Lunyu
B) Zhongni
C) Zhang Yu
D) Kongzi
  • 60. Where were the 800 bamboo strips containing the 'Kongzi Said' manuscript recovered between 2019 and 2021?
A) Luoyang
B) Wangjiazui
C) Dunhuang
D) Dingzhou
  • 61. How many sayings of overlap have been shown between the 'Kongzi Said' manuscript and the 'Zhongni Said' text?
A) 20
B) 25
C) 11
D) 330
  • 62. Approximately when do both the 'Zhongni Said' and the 'Kongzi Said' manuscripts date back to?
A) 300 BCE
B) 70 BCE
C) 479 BCE
D) 175 AD
  • 63. Who was provided a tutor specifically to teach him the Analects during the Eastern Han?
A) The Prime Minister
B) The Emperor
C) The heir apparent
D) The chief historian
  • 64. Who identified and promoted the Analects as one of the Four Books during the late Song dynasty?
A) Han Wudi
B) Wang Tong
C) He Yan
D) Zhu Xi
  • 65. Which Sui dynasty writer wrote Explanation of the Mean to emulate the style of the Analects?
A) Wang Tong
B) Wang Yangming
C) He Yan
D) Laozi
  • 66. Which Ming dynasty philosopher praised Wang Tong's emulation of the Analects?
A) He Yan
B) Confucius
C) Zhu Xi
D) Wang Yangming
  • 67. In He Yan's view, which historical figure was in agreement with the Sage?
A) Laozi
B) Wang Tong
C) Zhu Xi
D) Mencius
  • 68. In what year was He Yan's Explanations written?
A) 248 CE
B) 1130 CE
C) 960 CE
D) 195 CE
  • 69. For how many years of his life did Zhu Xi continue to refine his commentary?
A) The last thirty years
B) The last two years
C) His entire life from childhood
D) The last five years
  • 70. Until what year was Zhu Xi's commentary read and memorized by Chinese aspiring to literacy and employment?
A) 1130
B) 1905
C) 249
D) 1271
  • 71. What should a good ruler be according to Confucius' political beliefs?
A) Militarily aggressive
B) Financially wealthy
C) Strictly punitive
D) Self-disciplined
  • 72. Whose political orientations directly contradicted Confucius' theories?
A) Buddhist
B) Democratic
C) Legalistic
D) Taoist
  • 73. Which state's ruler asked Confucius about the principles of good government?
A) Chu
B) Lu
C) Qi
D) Qin
  • 74. What did Confucius sometimes require his students to demonstrate before discussing subjects further?
A) Financial contributions to the school
B) Intuitive conceptual leaps
C) Mastery of musical instruments
D) Physical endurance tests
  • 75. How many students are said to have mastered what Confucius taught?
A) Three thousand
B) Five hundred
C) Seventy
D) Twelve
  • 76. Who described the Analects as possibly the first book in human history to describe the life of an individual historic personage?
A) Voltaire
B) Elias Canetti
C) Simon Leys
D) Ezra Pound
  • 77. Who wrote that the Analects is the oldest complete intellectual and spiritual portrait of a man?
A) Yao
B) Elias Canetti
C) Simon Leys
D) Confucius
  • 78. What is the title of Chapter 20?
A) Antiquity
B) Analects
C) The Master
D) Yao Yue
  • 79. What theory explains the fragmentary nature of the final chapter of the Lu text?
A) The translation theory
B) The censorship theory
C) The accretion theory
D) The royal decree theory
  • 80. What formulaic phrase begins a large number of passages in the Analects?
A) Leys
B) Shujing
C) Ziyue
D) Yao Yue
  • 81. What is absent in classical Chinese that creates ambiguity regarding 'ziyue'?
A) Spaces between words
B) Punctuation marks
C) Capital letters
D) Vowels
  • 82. Who translated 'Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean' published in 1861?
A) Leonard A. Lyall
B) James Legge
C) Arthur Waley
D) D. C. Lau
  • 83. In what year was James Legge's revised second edition of his translation published?
A) 1861
B) 1938
C) 1893
D) 1909
  • 84. Which publisher reprinted James Legge's translation in 2006?
A) Cosimo
B) Trübner
C) Oxford University Press
D) Penguin Books
  • 85. Who translated 'The Sayings of Confucius' published in 1909?
A) James Legge
B) Arthur Waley
C) William Edward Soothill
D) Leonard A. Lyall
  • 86. Where was William Edward Soothill's translation of 'The Analects of Confucius' published in 1910?
A) Yokohama
B) London
C) Paris
D) New York
  • 87. Who translated 'The Analects' published by George Allen and Unwin in 1938?
A) Arthur Waley
B) Chi-chung Huang
C) Simon Leys
D) D. C. Lau
  • 88. Who translated 'The Analects of Confucius' published by Oxford University Press in 1997?
A) William Edward Soothill
B) Burton Watson
C) Edward Slingerland
D) Chi-chung Huang
  • 89. Who collaborated with Roger T. Ames on the 1999 'Philosophical Translation' of the Analects?
A) Burton Watson
B) Henry Rosemont
C) Edward Slingerland
D) Taeko Brooks
  • 90. Who translated 'The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Followers' in 2001?
A) Taeko Brooks
B) E. Bruce Brooks
C) Roger T. Ames
D) Henry Rosemont
  • 91. Who is the primary author credited alongside Taeko Brooks for the 2001 work 'The Original Analects'?
A) Simon Leys
B) James Legge
C) E. Bruce Brooks
D) Arthur Waley
  • 92. Which translator included selections from traditional commentaries in their 2003 publication?
A) Edward Slingerland
B) Chi-chung Huang
C) D. C. Lau
D) Burton Watson
  • 93. Who translated 'The Analects of Confucius' published by Columbia University Press in 2007?
A) William Edward Soothill
B) Burton Watson
C) Leonard A. Lyall
D) Séraphin Couvreur
  • 94. Who translated the French work 'Entretiens de Confucius' in the 3rd edition published at Sien Hsien in 1930?
A) Séraphin Couvreur
B) Anne Cheng
C) Kōjirō Yoshikawa
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 95. Who translated 'Entretiens de Confucius' published by Éditions du Seuil in Paris in 1981?
A) Séraphin Couvreur
B) Arthur Waley
C) Anne Cheng
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 96. Who translated the French version 'Les Entretiens de Confucius' published by Gallimard in 1987?
A) D. C. Lau
B) Anne Cheng
C) Séraphin Couvreur
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 97. Who authored the 1978 Japanese three-volume work 'Rongo'?
A) Anne Cheng
B) Kōjirō Yoshikawa
C) Séraphin Couvreur
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 98. In which fields do the Analects and its commentaries stand out especially regarding cultural applications?
A) Agriculture
B) Architecture
C) Education
D) Medicine
  • 99. The Analects has a long history of having influenced traditional East Asian what?
A) Symphonic music
B) Culinary arts
C) Martial arts
D) Naval architecture
  • 100. Which of the following countries is explicitly mentioned as applying the Analects in cultural expressions?
A) Mongolia
B) Thailand
C) Philippines
D) India
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