- 1. Juan, a jeepney driver in Lipa, sees an unattended cellphone on a table. He quickly computes that no CCTV is present and the owner is asleep. He takes it. Which theory best explains his crime?
A) Atavism
B) Classical Theory
C) Labeling Theory
D) Rational Choice Theory
- 2. A city ordinance imposes 1-day jail for jaywalking regardless of reason, age, or intent. This reflects:
A) Neoclassical Theory
B) Social Disorganization
C) Classical Theory
D) Positivist Theory
- 3. A thief avoids houses with guard dogs, lights, and CCTV, and targets houses empty from 8am-5pm. This is best explained by:
A) Strain Theory
B) Routine Activity Theory
C) Biological Theory
D) Moral Development Theory
- 4. In a bar, there is a motivated offender, a drunk suitable target, and no bouncer. A fight happens. Which element of Routine Activity Theory if present would have prevented it?
A) Anomie
B) Motivated offender
C) Suitable target
D) Capable guardian
- 5. A judge considers that the offender is 14 years old, mentally ill, and was threatened. He reduces the sentence. This is:
A) Neoclassical
B) Conflict
C) Classical
D) Biological
- 6. Beccaria argued that for punishment to deter crime, it must be:
A) Focused on rehabilitation
B) Severe, random, and delayed
C) Based on the offender's family
D) Certain, swift, and proportionate
- 7. A subdivision installs more street lights, fences, and neighborhood watch. Crime drops not because criminals changed, but opportunities decreased. This supports:
A) Psychoanalysis
B) Labeling Theory
C) XYY Theory
D) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design / Rational Choice
- 8. A pickpocket chooses the Lipa Fiesta crowd because there are many suitable targets and guardians are distracted. This is an application of:
A) Routine Activity Theory
B) Strain Theory
C) Social Control
D) Atavism
- 9. A student says, "I know stealing is wrong, but I will benefit more and I won't get caught." This is:
A) Inferiority complex
B) Hedonism - pleasure-pain principle of Classical School
C) Anomie
D) Atavism
- 10. Under Classical Theory, why is torture as punishment discouraged?
A) It is not scientific
B) It ignores biology
C) It labels the offender
D) It is not deterrent if disproportionate and makes criminals more hardened
- 11. Cesare Lombroso examines a prisoner with large jaw, high cheekbones, and extra fingers and concludes he is a born criminal. This is:
A) Labeling
B) Rational Choice
C) Somatotype Theory
D) Atavism / Born Criminal
- 12. A child has low IQ, ADHD, and a mother who drank alcohol during pregnancy, leading to impulsivity and later theft. This best fits:
A) Routine Activity
B) Classical Theory
C) Biosocial Theory - interaction of biological and environmental factors
D) Conflict Theory
- 13. Sheldon claims that a muscular, aggressive person who loves risk is more likely to commit violent crime. He is describing:
A) Atavist
B) Mesomorph
C) Endomorph
D) Ectomorph
- 14. A study finds that adopted children whose biological parents were criminals are more likely to be criminals despite being raised by non-criminal adoptive parents. This supports:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Genetic transmission / Nature Theory
C) Social Disorganization
D) Differential Association
- 15. An offender with an extra Y chromosome (XYY) is found to be tall, aggressive, and has below-average intelligence. This is known as:
A) Supermale Syndrome
B) Turner Syndrome
C) Klinefelter Syndrome
D) Atavism
- 16. A person with low levels of serotonin and high testosterone is easily angered and assaults someone over a small issue. This is explained by:
A) Anomie Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Social Bond Theory
D) Neurochemical / Hormonal explanation
- 17. A criminologist argues that crime is not due to one gene but due to brain injury, poor diet, and exposure to lead. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Pure Biological Determinism
C) Conflict Theory
D) Modern Biosocial / Nature-Nurture interaction
- 18. Twins study: Identical twins both commit crimes even when raised apart, while fraternal twins do not. This suggests:
A) Environment is sole cause
B) Labeling causes crime
C) Strain causes crime
D) Heredity influences criminality
- 19. A man with a tumor in the frontal lobe suddenly becomes pedophilic and steals. After tumor removal, behavior stops. This shows:
A) Differential Association
B) Brain dysfunction can influence criminal behavior
C) Anomie
D) Classical free will
- 20. Which is NOT a criticism of Lombroso's theory?
A) It ignores free will and social factors
B) He used small sample and no control group
C) His atavistic traits are racist and unscientific
D) It perfectly explains white-collar crime
- 21. Freud says a boy who had a dominant mother and weak father fails to develop proper conscience and later rapes. This is:
A) Psychoanalytic Theory - weak superego
B) Classical Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Labeling Theory
- 22. A child watches his father beat his mother and later does the same to his wife. This is best explained by:
A) Biological Theory
B) Labeling Theory
C) Bandura's Modeling Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 23. A student with low intelligence cannot cope with school frustration and drops out, then steals. Goddard would explain this as:
A) Rational Choice
B) Anomie
C) Feeblemindedness Theory
D) Conflict Theory
- 24. A person with an overactive Id and weak Ego commits impulsive sex crimes. This is:
A) Strain Theory
B) Psychoanalytic explanation
C) Routine Activity
D) Social Disorganization
- 25. Eysenck says criminals are high in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, making them hard to condition. This is:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Atavism
C) Classical Theory
D) Personality Trait Theory
- 26. Merton says society tells everyone to be rich, but poor people have no legitimate means. So they steal. This is:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Strain Theory - Anomie
C) Social Disorganization
D) Biological Theory
- 27. A college graduate cannot find a job, becomes frustrated, and sells drugs to achieve financial success. Merton calls this adaptation:
A) Ritualism
B) Rebellion
C) Retreatism
D) Innovation
- 28. A teacher who cannot be promoted just follows rules without believing in them anymore, doing the bare minimum. This is:
A) Ritualism
B) Conformity
C) Innovation
D) Retreatism
- 29. A drug addict who has given up on both money goals and work, just lives to use drugs, is an example of:
A) Retreatism
B) Innovation
C) Conformity
D) Ritualism
- 30. Robert Agnew says a student who is bullied experiences negative emotions and hits back with a knife. This is:
A) Social Bond Theory
B) General Strain Theory
C) Biological Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 31. According to Cohen's Delinquent Subculture, poor boys who fail in middle-class schools create their own gang that values toughness over grades. This is:
A) Labeling
B) Status Frustration
C) Atavism
D) Innovation
- 32. A person wants to be rich but society blocks him. He feels strain. Which is NOT a legitimate coping mechanism according to Agnew?
A) Seeking social support
B) Both B and C are illegitimate, but Agnew says B and C are criminal coping
C) Using drugs to escape
D) Committing theft to achieve goal
- 33. A gated subdivision has strong ties, everyone knows each other, and crime is low. A squatter area beside it with no ties has high crime. This illustrates:
A) Collective Efficacy
B) Classical Theory
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Atavism
- 34. According to Sutherland, a person becomes criminal when:
A) He is labeled
B) Definitions favorable to law violation exceed definitions unfavorable
C) He experiences anomie
D) He has large jaw
- 35. Akers says crime is learned through operant conditioning, imitation, and definitions. If his friends praise him for stealing, he will repeat it. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Atavism
D) Strain Theory
- 36. A teenager watches a Facebook Reel where shoplifting is shown as cool and easy. He imitates it. This shows:
A) Somatotype Theory
B) Differential Association and Modeling
C) Classical Theory
D) Biological Determinism
- 37. Sykes and Matza say a robber says, "The victim is rich anyway, he won't be hurt." This technique is:
A) Condemnation of Condemners
B) Denial of Responsibility
C) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
D) Denial of Injury
- 38. A youth says, "I didn't have a choice, my barkada forced me." This neutralization technique is:
A) Metaphor of the Ledger
B) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
C) Denial of Victim
D) Denial of Responsibility
- 39. A student says, "I steal for my family, not for myself." This is:
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Denial of Responsibility
C) Atavism
D) Denial of Injury
- 40. Which is NOT one of Sutherland's principles?
A) Criminal behavior is learned
B) Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons
C) Learning includes techniques and motives
D) A person becomes criminal because of atavistic stigmata
- 41. A child is praised by his gang for being brave after a fight. The reward increases future fighting. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Differential Reinforcement
C) Labeling
D) Anomie
- 42. Miller says lower-class youth value toughness, street smarts, and excitement, leading to gang crimes. This is:
A) Biological Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Focal Concerns Theory
- 43. Hirschi says a student does not commit crime because he is close to parents, doing well in school, busy with basketball, and believes stealing is wrong. These are:
A) Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief - Social Bonds
B) Atavistic traits
C) Modes of adaptation
D) Techniques of neutralization
- 44. A teenager has no attachment to anyone, no goals, no activities, and thinks rules are stupid. He is most likely to commit crime according to:
A) Classical Theory
B) Social Bond Theory
C) Labeling Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 45. Gottfredson and Hirschi say crime is caused by low self-control developed early due to poor parenting. Crimes are impulsive and short-sighted. This is:
A) Self-Control Theory / General Theory of Crime
B) Atavism
C) Strain Theory
D) Differential Association
- 46. A boy caught once for truancy is called "criminal" by teachers. He is expelled, and eventually becomes a real criminal. This is:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Routine Activity
D) Classical Theory
- 47. Lemert distinguishes primary deviance (initial act) and secondary deviance (deviance after being labeled). A boy who starts to live as a "tulak" after being labeled drug pusher is in:
A) Innovation
B) Primary Deviance
C) Secondary Deviance
D) Atavism
- 48. Police focus on arresting poor shoplifters but ignore corporate tax evasion worth millions. Conflict Theory explains this as:
A) Low self-control of poor only
B) Anomie among poor
C) Biological inferiority of poor
D) Law serves interests of powerful / elite
- 49. Marxist criminologists say capitalism creates crime by creating inequality and greed. This is:
A) Conflict / Marxist Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Social Bond Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 50. Braithwaite says shaming that labels the person as evil makes more crime, but shaming that condemns the act but respects the person and reintegrates him prevents crime. These are:
A) Stigmatizing vs. Reintegrative Shaming
B) Innovation vs. Ritualism
C) Atavism vs. Somatotype
D) Primary vs. Secondary Deviance
- 51. A judge labels a first-time minor offender as "habitual delinquent" and gives harsh sentence. The offender then becomes habitual. This is:
A) Labeling leads to amplification of deviance
B) Biological determinism
C) Social Disorganization
D) Rational choice
- 52. A girl runs away from abusive home, lives on street, and is forced to steal to survive. Feminist pathway theory explains her crime as:
A) Rational choice only
B) Low self-control only
C) Result of victimization and survival needs
D) Atavism
- 53. A man loses his job, his wife insults him, and he feels angry, then he assaults a neighbor. General Strain explains the intervening factor as:
A) Negative emotions
B) Extra Y chromosome
C) Atavistic stigmata
D) Labeling
- 54. A person is genetically prone to impulsivity, but with good parenting and school he does not become criminal. This is:
A) Biosocial interaction
B) Labeling Theory
C) Pure biological determinism
D) Classical Theory
- 55. A teenager says, "Everyone is corrupt, so why not me?" This is:
A) Innovation
B) Atavism
C) Denial of Victim
D) Condemnation of the Condemners
- 56. What is Crime Causation?
A) Scientific study of the causes of criminal behavior
B) Study of punishment
C) Study of court procedures
D) Study of police administration
- 57. Classical Theory is based on:
A) Free will and hedonism - pleasure vs pain calculation
B) Atavism and born criminal
C) Labeling
D) Low self-control
- 58. Who is the Father of Classical Criminology?
A) Cesare Beccaria
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Emile Durkheim
- 59. Neoclassical Theory differs from Classical because it:
A) Says punishment must be equal for all
B) Considers mitigating circumstances like age and insanity
C) Ignores free will completely
D) Believes in atavism
A) Born criminal as throwback to primitive man
B) Learning crime from barkada
C) Anomie or normlessness
D) Labeling by society
- 61. Lombroso's theory is called:
A) Born Criminal Theory / Atavistic Theory
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Somatotype Theory
D) Strain Theory
- 62. Mesomorph according to Sheldon is:
A) Thin, introverted, shy
B) Fat, jolly, lazy
C) Muscular, aggressive, active - most prone to crime
D) Tall with extra Y chromosome
A) Thin and introverted
B) Born criminal
C) Muscular and aggressive
D) Fat, soft, sociable, loves comfort
A) Thin, fragile, introverted, brainy
B) Aggressive
C) Muscular
D) Fat
- 65. Biosocial Theory states:
A) Crime is product of biological and environmental interaction
B) Crime is purely free will
C) Crime is purely labeling
D) Crime is purely biological
- 66. Id according to Freud is:
A) Moral principle
B) Pleasure principle
C) Conscience
D) Reality principle
A) Born criminal trait
B) Pleasure principle
C) Conscience
D) Reality principle
A) Pleasure principle
B) Reality principle
C) Conscience
D) Atavistic stigmata
- 69. Behaviorism says crime is learned through:
A) Atavism
B) Reward and punishment
C) Anomie
D) Free will
- 70. Modeling Theory is from:
A) Bandura
B) Durkheim
C) Lombroso
D) Beccaria
A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Sutherland
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Robert Merton
- 72. Innovation adaptation means:
A) Rejects goals and means
B) Rejects goals but accepts means
C) Accepts cultural goals (wealth) but rejects legitimate means
D) Accepts both goals and means
- 73. Differential Reinforcement means:
A) Born criminal
B) Anomie
C) Atavism
D) Behavior repeated if rewarded, stopped if punished
A) Atavism
B) Seeking pleasure, avoiding pain
C) Anomie
D) Labeling
- 75. What is Utilitarianism in Classical Theory?
A) Greatest happiness for greatest number
B) Anomie theory
C) Atavism
D) Born criminal theory
- 76. What is Demonological Theory?
A) Crime caused by learning
B) Crime caused by evil spirits, demons, witchcraft
C) Crime caused by free will
D) Crime caused by poverty
- 77. What is White-Collar Crime?
A) Street crime only
B) Crime committed by poor only
C) Atavistic crime
D) Crime committed by person of high status in course of occupation
- 78. What is Victimless Crime?
A) All of these
B) Atavistic crime
C) Biological crime
D) Crime where consenting adults participate and no complainant
- 79. In Puerto Princesa City, Barangay San Jose has many transient renters, no homeowners association, and kids hanging out at internet shops until midnight. Theft is high. What theory BEST explains this?
A) XYY Syndrome
B) Social Disorganization
C) Atavism
D) Classical Theory
- 80. A criminology student, Roxanne, is caught shoplifting. Her professor says, "You are now a thief, you will never change." She is expelled and later joins a theft gang. What happened?
A) Labeling Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Somatotype Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 81. Shan lost his job at Lima Factory. He wants to keep his family lifestyle but cannot find legal work. He starts selling shabu. Merton calls this:
A) Conformity
B) Ritualism
C) Innovation - accepts wealth goal, rejects legitimate means
D) Retreatism
- 82. A house in a subdivision has no lights, no dog, no CCTV, and owners are on vacation in tagkawayan beach. Burglars target it. Which element is present?
A) Suitable target + lack of capable guardian
B) Atavism
C) Strong social bond
D) Extra Y chromosome
- 83. A child sees his kuya beat his wife every time he is drunk. At 20, he does the same to his girlfriend. This is:
A) Social Learning / Modeling
B) Atavism
C) Classical hedonism
D) Anomie
- 84. A boy is close to his mother, wants to be a policeman, is busy in ROTC, and believes stealing is against God. He resists barkada who invites him to steal. Hirschi explains this as:
A) Anomie
B) Strong Social Bonds
C) Atavism
D) Low self-control
- 85. A girl from a good family with high grades steals makeup for thrill and excitement, not need. Best explained by:
A) Social Disorganization
B) Atavism
C) Low self-control / sensation seeking
D) Poverty causes crime
- 86. In a poor area, youth learn how to pick pockets from older criminals, learn that "magnakaw sa mayaman ay okay lang." This is:
A) Biological Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Differential Association
D) Anomie
- 87. A barangay leaves graffiti and broken chairs in the plaza unfixed. After 2 months, more vandalism and drug use appear. This illustrates:
A) Classical Theory
B) Broken Windows Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Atavism
- 88. A man commits murder during a fiesta because in his barkada, backing down from a challenge means you are "duwag" and lose respect. This is:
A) Subculture of Violence / Focal Concerns
B) XYY syndrome
C) Atavism
D) Classical Theory
- 89. A woman who was abused for years kills her husband while he sleeps. Feminist pathway theory would focus on:
A) Victimization and survival as pathway to crime
B) Atavism
C) Classical free will only
D) Mesomorphy
- 90. A former inmate applies for job at SM Lipa but is rejected when they see his prison record. He cannot feed family and returns to robbery. This shows:
A) Somatotype Theory
B) Labeling Theory
C) Biological Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 91. A law criminalizes street vending but not large-scale smuggling by corporations. Conflict theorist would say:
A) Law is neutral
B) Law is created by powerful to protect their interests and control the powerless
C) Atavism explains law
D) Biological inferiority explains law
- 92. A student says, "The store is insured, they won't lose anything if I shoplift." This neutralization is:
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Denial of Responsibility
C) Condemnation of Condemners
D) Denial of Injury
- 93. A student says, "I steal cellphones to help my sick mother." This is:
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Biological
C) Denial of Injury
D) Atavism
- 94. A community has strong church, active SK, parents know each other, and everyone watches each other's kids. Crime is low despite poverty. This is:
A) High Collective Efficacy and Strong Social Bonds overcome strain
B) Atavism
C) Classical Theory
D) XYY Syndrome
- 95. A man with brain injury in frontal lobe becomes impulsive and sexually assaults children. This supports:
A) Social Disorganization
B) Biosocial / Neurocriminology
C) Labeling Theory only
D) Classical hedonism only
- 96. A child with poor parents is told by teacher he is bobo and will never graduate. He stops studying and joins gang. This is:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Somatotype
C) Atavism
D) Classical Theory
- 97. A crime map shows theft clusters near Lipa Bus Terminal, schools, and malls - not random. This supports:
A) Classical Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Crime Pattern Theory
D) Atavism
- 98. A person who inherited high impulsivity but raised by loving, disciplining parents who teach self-control does NOT become criminal. This shows:
A) Pure classical
B) Biosocial interaction
C) Pure biological determinism
D) Atavism
- 99. A woman steals milk for her starving child during typhoon.
A) Atavism
B) Ritualism
C) Rational Choice under extreme strain / necessity
D) All of these
- 100. Graffiti left unfixed leads to more serious crimes later.
A) Labeling
B) Atavism
C) Somatotype
D) Broken Windows Theory
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