Historicity of the Bible - Quiz
Historicity of the Bible
  • 1. According to the Hebrew Bible, when did the United Monarchy of Israel rule?
A) Around the 12th century BCE
B) Around the 10th century BCE
C) Around the 8th century BCE
D) Around the 6th century BCE
  • 2. Which two regions did the United Monarchy allegedly rule over according to the Hebrew Bible?
A) Jerusalem and Shechem
B) Cisjordan and Transjordan
C) Israel and Philistia
D) Judea and Samaria
  • 3. What period corresponds to the Early Monarchical period in archaeology?
A) Iron Age IIa
B) Late Bronze Age
C) Iron Age IIb
D) Iron Age I
  • 4. What evidence supports the existence of a centralized organization in Judah during Iron Age IIa?
A) Foreign trade agreements
B) Large gold and silver treasures
C) Extensive written royal archives
D) Fortified cities, literacy, and city planning
  • 5. According to interpretations in the 1990s, how did Israel and Judah arise relative to each other?
A) Simultaneously from a shared capital
B) As colonies of Egypt
C) As a single unified empire
D) Separately and as distinct entities
  • 6. Where were Israel and Judah centered, respectively, according to 1990s interpretations?
A) Transjordan and Cisjordan
B) Khirbet Qeiyafa and Judah
C) Jerusalem and Samaria
D) Shechem and Jerusalem
  • 7. Which archaeological site supports the biblical account of a United Monarchy?
A) The Ophel
B) Khirbet Qeiyafa
C) The City of David
D) Tel Dan
  • 8. What did the Israel Antiquities Authority state that the excavations at Khirbat Qeiyafa reveal?
A) An urban society that existed in Judah in the late eleventh century BCE
B) An uninhabited wasteland
C) A Philistine fortress city
D) A small country village from the eighth century BCE
  • 9. What is the oldest part of Jerusalem and its original urban core?
A) The City of David
B) The Ophel
C) Khirbet Qeiyafa
D) Upper Samaria
  • 10. Which administrative structures in Jerusalem contain material culture dated to Iron I?
A) The Tel Dan Stele and Mesha Stele
B) The Stepped Stone Structure and the Large Stone Structure
C) The temple of Solomon
D) The Ophel fortifications
  • 11. Who argued that Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE was a small country village rather than a national capital?
A) William G. Dever
B) Israel Finkelstein
C) Avraham Faust
D) Amihai Mazar
  • 12. Who argued that Jerusalem was entirely uninhabited in the 10th century BCE?
A) William G. Dever
B) Israel Finkelstein
C) Zev Farber
D) Ussishkin
  • 13. Who contends that Jerusalem was a small town with a mighty citadel and a center of a substantial regional polity?
A) Ussishkin
B) Avraham Faust
C) Amihai Mazar
D) Israel Finkelstein
  • 14. Who argued that Jerusalem was significantly large compared to highland sites and contained fortifications and public buildings?
A) The Israel Antiquities Authority
B) William G. Dever and Amihai Mazar
C) Israel Finkelstein and Ussishkin
D) Avraham Faust and Zev Farber
  • 15. Recent archaeological discoveries at which two locations seem to indicate Jerusalem was sufficiently developed to be a capital?
A) The City of David and the Ophel
B) Samaria and the Judean hills
C) Tel Dan and Transjordan
D) Khirbet Qeiyafa and Shechem
  • 16. When was the Tel Dan Stele discovered?
A) Iron Age IIa
B) The 1990s
C) July 1993
D) Late eleventh century BCE
  • 17. To which centuries is the Tel Dan Stele dated?
A) The Bronze Age
B) The 9th or 8th century BCE
C) The late 11th century BCE
D) The 10th century BCE
  • 18. What phrase on the Tel Dan Stele is interpreted by many as a reference to a monarchic dynasty in Judah?
A) bytdwd
B) Shechem and Jerusalem
C) Cisjordan
D) Upper Samaria
  • 19. What is 'bytdwd' widely interpreted to mean?
A) House of David
B) Temple of Solomon
C) Capital of Jerusalem
D) United Monarchy
  • 20. Besides the Tel Dan Stele, which other stele might contain a reference to the House of David?
A) The Large Stone Structure
B) The Stepped Stone Structure
C) The Mesha Stele
D) The Khirbet Qeiyafa inscription
  • 21. What do the majority of scholars accept regarding David and Solomon since the discovery of the Tel Dan Stele?
A) That they only ruled a small country village in the Judean hills
B) The existence of a polity ruled by them, on a more modest scale than described in the Bible
C) That they never existed and were entirely mythical figures
D) That they ruled a vast empire stretching from Egypt to Mesopotamia
  • 22. What areas do most scholars believe David and Solomon reigned over?
A) Only the City of David and Khirbet Qeiyafa
B) Large sections of Cisjordan and probably parts of Transjordan
C) The entire Near East without exception
D) Upper Samaria and Shechem exclusively
  • 23. According to William G. Dever, which territories did David actually reign over?
A) Current territories of Israel and West Bank
B) Judea and Samaria as an empire
C) All of Cisjordan and Transjordan
D) Only Jerusalem and its immediate surroundings
  • 24. Which invading group does William G. Dever argue that David defeated?
A) The Moabites
B) The Philistines
C) The Ammonites
D) The Egyptians
  • 25. What does William G. Dever argue about David's conquests other than defeating the invaders?
A) They were peacefully negotiated
B) They were larger than described in the Bible
C) They are historically proven by the Tel Dan Stele
D) They are fictitious
  • 26. According to Paula McNutt, do Old Testament narratives record history in the sense it is understood in the twentieth century?
A) Only regarding political history
B) No
C) Yes
D) Only in the books of Moses
  • 27. Who is credited in the Talmud with the dictum that "there is no chronological order in the Torah"?
A) Rabbi Ishmael
B) Rabbi Akiva
C) W.F. Albright
D) Abba Arika
  • 28. Whose view was that "the Torah speaks in human language"?
A) Rabbi Ishmael
B) Rabbi Akiva
C) Abba Arika
D) W.F. Albright
  • 29. Which archaeologist described a more expansive view of history involving multiple histories within the Bible?
A) Abba Arika
B) Abraham Joshua Heschel
C) William Dever
D) W.F. Albright
  • 30. Cultural history encompasses overall cultural evolution, demography, socio-economic and political structure, and what else?
A) Infallibility
B) Telepathy
C) Chronology
D) Ethnicity
  • 31. What do most historians accept regarding Jesus in the New Testament?
A) Every single event in his life is scientifically verifiable
B) He never actually existed as a person
C) He wrote the gospels himself
D) He was a historical figure crucified under Pontius Pilate
  • 32. Who is a representative of the Copenhagen School, also known as 'biblical minimalism'?
A) Pontius Pilate
B) William G. Dever
C) An unnamed biblical literalist
D) Thomas L. Thompson
  • 33. What is the Copenhagen School also known as?
A) Biblical archaeology
B) Biblical literalism
C) Biblical minimalism
D) Biblical maximalism
  • 34. What early philosophical movement influenced patrons like Justin Martyr and Tertullian?
A) Scholasticism
B) The Age of Enlightenment
C) The Renaissance
D) The Ionian Enlightenment
  • 35. Who was aware of the difference between science and scripture?
A) Tertullian
B) Augustine
C) Justin Martyr
D) Faustus of Mileve
  • 36. Whose historical doubts are used as a comparison in the text?
A) Faustus of Mileve
B) Herodotus
C) Augustine
D) Tertullian
  • 37. Do very few or very many texts survive directly from antiquity?
A) An infinite number
B) Almost all of them
C) Very few
D) Very many
  • 38. What indicates greater textual reliability in earliest texts?
A) Fewer copies overall
B) Higher consistency
C) Greater length
D) Lower consistency
  • 39. What can multiple copies of manuscripts be grouped into?
A) Apocryphal volumes
B) Text types
C) Canon categories
D) Enlightenment subsets
  • 40. What are some text types judged to be closer to than others?
A) The myths of other religions
B) The apocrypha
C) The modern translation
D) The hypothetical original
  • 41. Which scholar noted internal contradictions suggesting Moses did not author the Pentateuch as early as the Middle Ages?
A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Abraham ibn Ezra
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) Jean Astruc
  • 42. Which biblical chapter describes the death of Moses, making it impossible for him to have written it?
A) Deuteronomy 34
B) Leviticus 10
C) Numbers 22
D) Genesis 1
  • 43. In which major work did Thomas Hobbes argue that biblical texts provide evidence for their own dates of composition?
A) Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
B) The Pentateuch
C) Leviathan
D) Higher Criticism
  • 44. In what year was Thomas Hobbes's work Leviathan published?
A) 1651
B) 1678
C) 1753
D) 1670
  • 45. Which philosopher and pantheist echoed Hobbes's doubts about the historical books in Tractatus Theologico-Politicus?
A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Baruch Spinoza
C) Julius Wellhausen
D) Jean Astruc
  • 46. In what year was Baruch Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus published?
A) 1678
B) 1670
C) 1651
D) 1753
  • 47. Which French priest brought critical perspectives on Scripture to the Catholic tradition in 1678?
A) Julius Wellhausen
B) Abraham ibn Ezra
C) Richard Simon
D) Jean Astruc
  • 48. Who applied source criticism methods from classical secular texts to the Pentateuch in 1753?
A) Julius Wellhausen
B) Jean Astruc
C) Thomas Hobbes
D) Richard Simon
  • 49. How many different manuscript traditions did Jean Astruc believe he could detect in the Pentateuch?
A) Four
B) Three
C) Five
D) Two
  • 50. Who formalised the documentary hypothesis in the 1870s?
A) Abraham ibn Ezra
B) Jean Astruc
C) Thomas Hobbes
D) Julius Wellhausen
  • 51. Which of the following is part of the sources identified in the documentary hypothesis?
A) Hobbesian
B) Ezraic
C) Jahwist
D) Mosaic
  • 52. Which source is included in the four identified by the documentary hypothesis?
A) Historical
B) Prophetic
C) Elohist
D) Traditionist
  • 53. Along with Jahwist and Elohist, which source is part of the documentary hypothesis?
A) Mosaic
B) Levitical
C) Reformist
D) Deuteronomist
  • 54. What is the fourth source identified in the documentary hypothesis besides Jahwist, Elohist, and Deuteronomist?
A) Royal source
B) Scribal source
C) Prophetic source
D) Priestly source
  • 55. What did medieval philosopher Maimonides consider the stories about Adam to be?
A) Prophetic poetry
B) Literal scientific data
C) Strict historical records
D) Philosophical anthropology
  • 56. Whose publication of 'Theory of the Earth' in 1788 was an important development in dethroning Genesis as ultimate authority?
A) James Hutton
B) William Albright
C) Martin Noth
D) Charles Darwin
  • 57. Who was the president of the Geological Society who publicly recanted his previous support for the diluvian theory in 1831?
A) Adam Sedgwick
B) John Van Seters
C) David Ilan
D) Hermann Gunkel
  • 58. Who naturalized the Garden of Eden with the publication of 'On the Origin of Species' in 1859?
A) James Hutton
B) William Dever
C) Thomas L. Thompson
D) Charles Darwin
  • 59. What is the mainstream scholarly consensus regarding Genesis 1–11 today?
A) A highly schematic literary work representing theology/symbolic mythology
B) A legal contract from the Bronze Age
C) An eyewitness account written by Adam
D) A strictly accurate historical and scientific chronicle
  • 60. Who drew attention to the mythic aspects of the Pentateuch following the early scientific developments?
A) William Albright
B) St Augustine of Hippo
C) Martin Heide
D) Hermann Gunkel
  • 61. Which school argued that although core traditions had ancient roots, narratives were fictional framing devices?
A) Biblical archaeology movement
B) Assyrian trade guild
C) Tradition history school
D) Evangelical literalist school
  • 62. Who led the American biblical archaeology movement to counterattack and defend the broad outline of framing narratives?
A) Hutton
B) Albright
C) Augustine
D) Darwin
  • 63. Who published 'Abraham in History and Tradition' in 1975?
A) John Van Seters
B) Maimonides
C) Thomas L. Thompson
D) Adam Sedgwick
  • 64. According to William Dever in 1993, whose central theses had all been overturned?
A) Albright's
B) Darwin's
C) Hutton's
D) Gunkel's
  • 65. What did William Dever state contributed the most to Biblical studies in the long run?
A) Literalist evangelical commentary
B) Ancient oral tradition preservation
C) The newer secular archaeology
D) Traditional biblical archaeology
  • 66. How long does the Book of Exodus state the Israelites dwelled in Egypt?
A) 200 years
B) 100 years
C) 40 years
D) 430 years
  • 67. How many Israelite men does the Book of Exodus state were involved in the Exodus?
A) 2.5 million
B) 603,550
C) 22,273
D) 600,000
  • 68. What is the modern estimate for the total number of Israelites based on the Book of Numbers?
A) 600,000
B) 500,000
C) 2.5–3 million
D) 10 million
  • 69. Who connects the formation of the highland communities and shared identity with the exodus tradition?
A) William G. Dever
B) Ronald Hendel
C) Richard Elliott Friedman
D) Kenton Sparks
  • 70. Who held that the Exodus narrative is a Canaanite memory of the Hyksos' descent and occupation of Egypt?
A) Ronald Hendel
B) Gili Kugler
C) Donald Redford
D) Kenton Sparks
  • 71. Which biblical text recalls God’s revelation in Egypt but omits any mention of slavery or oppression?
A) Exodus 12
B) Genesis 46
C) Ezekiel 20
D) Deuteronomy 23
  • 72. What kind of folklore and culture elements are found in the Exodus narrative?
A) Greek
B) Egyptian
C) Persian
D) Mesopotamian
  • 73. Which biblical chapter mentions that the Israelites dwelled in Egypt for 430 years?
A) Numbers 1
B) Exodus 12
C) Deuteronomy 23
D) Genesis 46
  • 74. What does the Deuteronomistic history contain regarding historical figures and events?
A) No information whatsoever
B) Certain information
C) Only fictional names
D) Complete and flawless documentation
  • 75. How are large portions of the Deuteronomistic history described?
A) Strictly biographical
B) Entirely factual
C) Scientifically proven
D) Legendary
  • 76. What else does the Deuteronomistic history contain in large numbers?
A) Foreign languages
B) Anachronisms
C) Poetic verses
D) Mathematical formulas
  • 77. What proportion of biblical individuals has been identified independently?
A) Every single individual
B) None at all
C) Only a negligible fraction
D) A significant number
  • 78. How have a significant number of biblical individuals been identified?
A) By guessing randomly
B) Through modern media
C) Solely through biblical text
D) Independently
  • 79. What type of inscriptions have helped identify biblical individuals?
A) South American petroglyphs
B) European runes
C) East Asian hieroglyphics
D) Northwest Semitic inscriptions
  • 80. What other sources besides inscriptions have helped identify biblical individuals?
A) Modern newspaper articles
B) Fictional novels
C) Other archeological sources
D) Oral myths from the 20th century
  • 81. What time period do the archeological sources and inscriptions generally cover?
A) 1200 - 539 BC
B) 1 AD - 500 AD
C) 5000 - 4000 BC
D) 1000 - 2000 AD
  • 82. Who provided corrections and updates regarding the inscriptions?
A) An ancient king
B) An anonymous blogger
C) A team of fictional writers
D) Lawrence J. Mykytiuk
  • 83. Which site was identified by excavators as biblical Bethel?
A) Hazor
B) Beitin
C) Tel ed-Duweir
D) Jericho
  • 84. Which site was identified by excavators as biblical Lachish?
A) Beitin
B) Tel ed-Duweir
C) Hazor
D) Jericho
  • 85. Who reached the same conclusion as Kathleen Kenyon regarding Jericho based on all excavation findings?
A) Piotr Bienkowski
B) John Garstang
C) Amnon Ben-Tor
D) Lorenzo Nigro
  • 86. The Exodus is usually dated in relation to which Pharaoh mentioned in the text?
A) Merneptah
B) Amenhotep
C) Thutmose
D) Ramses
  • 87. By what decade had it become clear that the archaeological record did not support the conquest account in Joshua?
A) 1930s
B) 1950s
C) 1970s
D) 1960s
  • 88. Who led recent excavations finding that Jericho was occupied in the Late Bronze Age (1400–1200 BCE)?
A) Israel Finkelstein
B) Kathleen Kenyon
C) Lorenzo Nigro
D) John Garstang
  • 89. What was added on top of the Middle Bronze city wall at Jericho during the Late Bronze Age?
A) A stone fortification
B) A mudbrick wall
C) A wooden palisade
D) An iron gate
  • 90. According to Peake's Commentary, independent battles were artificially attributed to a single leader named what?
A) Moses
B) Joshua
C) Deborah
D) Jabin
  • 91. Which stratum in Tel Hazor shows signs of catastrophic fire from around 1200 BCE?
A) Stratum III
B) Stratum VII
C) Stratum XIII
D) Stratum X
  • 92. Cuneiform tablets found at Tel Hazor refer to monarchs named what?
A) Thutmose
B) Ramses
C) Merneptah
D) Ibni Addi
  • 93. What may be the etymological origin of the biblical name Yavin (Jabin)?
A) Ibni
B) Hazor
C) Canaan
D) Addi
  • 94. Who believes that recently unearthed evidence of violent destruction by burning verifies the biblical account of Hazor?
A) John Garstang
B) Amnon Ben-Tor
C) Israel Finkelstein
D) Sharon Zuckerman
  • 95. In what year did Amnon Ben-Tor and Sharon Zuckerman discover a scorched palace from the 13th century BC?
A) 2005
B) 2012
C) 1998
D) 2018
  • 96. Who claimed that the burning of Hazor was the result of the city's numerous factions opposing each other?
A) Amnon Ben-Tor
B) Kathleen Kenyon
C) Richard Elliot Friedman
D) Sharon Zuckerman
  • 97. According to Richard Elliot Friedman, the destruction of Hazor fits best with which biblical figure defeating the king of Hazor?
A) Moses
B) Pharaoh Ramses
C) The prophetess Deborah
D) Joshua
  • 98. Which animal's use is cited as an anachronism in 1 Samuel 30:17?
A) Camels
B) Donkeys
C) Elephants
D) Horses
  • 99. How is the troop size described in 2 Samuel 17:1?
A) Non-existent
B) Average for the period
C) Extremely small
D) Gargantuan
  • 100. Whose paramilitary and servants are referenced in the text as evidence of a later date?
A) Babylonians
B) Assyrians
C) Persians
D) Kushites
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