 - 1. Which organization conducted a survey of 24 experts on climate change in 1978?
A) Cutter Information Corporation
B) Helmholtz Research Centre
C) National Defense University
D) Center for Science, Technology, and Media
- 2. In the 1978 NDU survey, what did a few experts believe would offset the warming effects of carbon dioxide?
A) Ocean current shifts
B) Increased volcanic activity
C) Reforestation efforts
D) Increased solar radiation
- 3. What atmospheric effect is associated with volcanic sulfate concentrations mentioned in the 1978 survey?
A) Increased humidity
B) Stratospheric warming
C) Global dimming
D) Ozone depletion
- 4. How many climate scientists were surveyed by David H. Slade in 1989?
A) 24
B) 21
C) 331
D) 118
- 5. How many of the 21 scientists surveyed by David H. Slade in 1989 expressed a 'strong belief' in significant climate change?
A) 21
B) 17
C) 10
D) 14
- 6. How many responses did the Cutter Information Corporation receive from their 1990 survey?
A) 331
B) 400
C) 1,500
D) 118
- 7. What percentage of respondents in the 1990 Cutter survey predicted overall cooling over the next 100 years?
A) 10%
B) 1.9%
C) 30%
D) 40%
- 8. How many responses did the Center for Science, Technology, and Media receive for their 1991 survey?
A) 21
B) 331
C) 118
D) 1,000
- 9. In the 1991 survey, what percentage of scientists were from North America?
A) 45%
B) 91%
C) 58%
D) 40%
- 10. In the 1991 survey, how many scientists 'strongly disagreed' with the statement that global mean temperature would increase?
A) 73
B) 9
C) 36
D) 27
- 11. In the 1996 Bray and von Storch survey, what scale was used to measure agreement/disagreement?
A) 1 to 5
B) 1 to 10
C) 0 to 100
D) 1 to 7
- 12. In the Bray and von Storch survey, what did higher numbers on the scale indicate?
A) Greater agreement
B) Lower confidence
C) Higher scientific certainty
D) Greater disagreement
- 13. What was the mean rating for the statement 'global warming is already underway' in the 1996 survey?
A) 5.6
B) 2.6
C) 3.4
D) 4.8
- 14. According to the 1996 survey, what was the mean rating for the belief that uncertainty was too high to justify immediate action?
A) 5.6
B) 3.4
C) 4.8
D) 2.6
- 15. What was the actual rate of warming as of 2023, compared to the 1990 IPCC estimate?
A) 1.0 °F
B) 0.3 °F
C) 0.5 °F
D) 0.2 °F or less
- 16. According to the text, since when has the Earth been consistently warming?
A) Since the 1970s
B) Since the end of the Second World War
C) Since the turn of the 21st century
D) Since the start of the Industrial Revolution
- 17. What is considered the main driver of recent climate change?
A) Ocean current shifts
B) Changes in volcanic eruptions
C) Solar activity
D) Rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
- 18. Which of these is explicitly mentioned as a human activity contributing to climate change?
A) Wind energy production
B) Solar panel manufacturing
C) Hydraulic fracturing
D) Cement production
- 19. How does the text describe the human role in climate change?
A) Unequivocal and incontrovertible
B) Hypothetical and theoretical
C) Debatable and uncertain
D) Partial and minor
- 20. What did a 2021 study conclude regarding the consensus on human-caused climate change?
A) 75% of scientific papers agree
B) Over 99% of scientific papers agree
C) 90% of scientific papers agree
D) 85% of scientific papers agree
- 21. Which organizations have tried to sow doubt regarding the scientific consensus on climate change?
A) Some organizations with members in extractive industries
B) International meteorological associations
C) National science academies
D) University climate departments
- 22. Since when have studies on scientific opinion regarding climate change been undertaken?
A) Since the 1990s
B) Since the 1950s
C) Since the 1970s
D) Since the year 2000
- 23. Which organization was formed by the United Nations in 1988 to report on climate change?
A) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
B) International Union for Quaternary Research
C) United States Global Change Research Program
D) Arctic Council
- 24. In what year did 17 national science academies issue a joint statement endorsing the IPCC?
A) 2010
B) 1990
C) 2005
D) 2001
- 25. What term was notably used for one of the first times in the 2001 joint statement by science academies?
A) Global Warming
B) Consensus
C) Climate Adaptation
D) Carbon Neutrality
- 26. Which greenhouse gases are mentioned as having a supporting role in climate change?
A) Argon and neon
B) Oxygen and nitrogen
C) Helium and hydrogen
D) Methane and nitrous oxide
- 27. According to the text, do any scientific bodies of national or international standing disagree with the human cause of climate change?
A) Yes, at least half
B) Yes, several
C) No
D) Yes, a minority
- 28. Since what year have increases in greenhouse gas concentrations occurred that would naturally take millennia?
A) 1850
B) 1900
C) 1950
D) 1750
- 29. By how much has the global sea level increased since 1900?
A) 5–10 cm
B) 20–25 cm
C) 40–50 cm
D) 1–2 meters
- 30. What proportion of the sea level rise since 1900 occurred after 1980?
A) All of it
B) Three quarters
C) Half
D) One quarter
- 31. How many scientific organizations are listed by the California Governor's Office as holding the position that climate change is caused by human action?
A) Over 1,000
B) Exactly 50
C) Nearly 200
D) Fewer than 10
- 32. How long have atmospheric levels of methane and nitrous oxide been at their current levels?
A) 2 million years
B) 50,000 years
C) 10,000 years
D) At least 800,000 years
- 33. In what year did Bray and von Storch conduct their second survey?
A) 2004
B) 1996
C) 2000
D) 2003
- 34. How many responses were received in the 2003 Bray and von Storch survey?
A) 27
B) 530
C) 196
D) 928
- 35. What percentage of respondents in the 2003 survey strongly disagreed that global warming was underway?
A) 10%
B) 56%
C) 14%
D) 30%
- 36. What percentage of respondents rejected the thesis that there is enough uncertainty to delay policy decisions in the 2003 survey?
A) 80%
B) 15%
C) 72%
D) 20%
- 37. Who analyzed 928 abstracts of scientific papers in 2004?
A) von Storch
B) Naomi Oreskes
C) Bray
D) The IPCC
- 38. How many scientific abstracts did Naomi Oreskes analyze in her 2004 study?
A) 928
B) 1993
C) 530
D) 1000
- 39. What percentage of the papers analyzed by Oreskes explicitly supported or accepted the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change?
A) 75%
B) 100%
C) 25%
D) 10%
- 40. How many of the abstracts analyzed by Oreskes explicitly rejected the scientific consensus?
A) 25%
B) 10%
C) None
D) 530
- 41. What time period did the abstracts analyzed by Oreskes cover?
A) 2003–2004
B) 2000–2004
C) 1996–2003
D) 1993–2003
- 42. In the 2007 STATS survey, what percentage of scientists agreed that global temperatures had increased in the past 100 years?
A) 84%
B) 56%
C) 97%
D) 74%
- 43. How many countries were represented in the third Bray and von Storch survey conducted in 2008?
A) 10,257
B) 34
C) 489
D) 2,058
- 44. According to the 2009 Doran and Zimmerman survey, what percentage of climatologists who published over half their research on climate change agreed that human activity is a significant factor in temperature rise?
A) 82%
B) 95%
C) 90%
D) 47%
- 45. Which professional group were among the biggest doubters in the 2009 Doran and Zimmerman survey regarding human involvement in climate change?
A) Climatologists
B) Physicists
C) Biologists
D) Economic geologists
- 46. In the 2010 PNAS paper, what percentage of the most actively publishing climate researchers supported the tenets of Anthropogenic Climate Change?
A) 90–92%
B) 82–85%
C) 97–98%
D) 74–77%
- 47. How many articles out of 13,950 analyzed by James L. Powell in 2012 rejected anthropogenic global warming?
A) 1,372
B) 24
C) 1
D) 373
- 48. In the 2014 Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency survey, what percentage of scientists with more than 10 peer-reviewed papers agreed that greenhouse gases were the main cause of warming?
A) 90%
B) 97%
C) 73%
D) 84%
- 49. How did respondents in the 2008 Bray and von Storch survey feel about scientists intentionally presenting extreme possibilities to mobilize the public?
A) They felt it was necessary for progress
B) They strongly rejected the concept
C) They were indifferent
D) They strongly supported it
- 50. What was the main focus shift in the 5th International Survey of Climate Scientists?
A) The political affiliations of scientists.
B) Extreme event attribution.
C) The reputation of the IPCC.
D) The funding sources of climate research.
- 51. James L. Powell's survey of articles published in 2019 showed the consensus reached what level?
A) 98.7%
B) 99.94%
C) 100%
D) 99.85%
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