Information theory - Quiz
Information theory
  • 1. What are pseudorandom number generators in computer language libraries almost universally unsuited for?
A) Seismic exploration
B) Bioinformatics
C) Gambling
D) Cryptographic use
  • 2. What must cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators have to work as intended?
A) High Shannon entropy
B) Analog processing methods
C) Random seeds external to the software
D) Integrated neural clusters
  • 3. How can random seeds for pseudorandom generators be obtained?
A) Through Shannon entropy
B) Via digital noise
C) By using semiotic signs
D) Via extractors
  • 4. What is the measure of sufficient randomness in extractors?
A) Free energy
B) Min-entropy
C) Effective information
D) Dynamic core hypothesis
  • 5. Min-entropy is related to Shannon entropy through which other type of entropy?
A) Rényi entropy
B) Conditional entropy
C) Algorithmic entropy
D) Thermal entropy
  • 6. Where is Rényi entropy also used?
A) In minimizing free energy
B) In semiotic code control
C) In seismic oil exploration
D) In evaluating randomness in cryptographic systems
  • 7. Does a random variable with high Shannon entropy guarantee it is satisfactory for use in an extractor?
A) Yes
B) Only for pseudorandom numbers
C) No
D) Only in cryptographic systems
  • 8. What was one early commercial application of information theory?
A) Black hole analysis
B) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
C) Seismic oil exploration
D) Bioinformatics
  • 9. What did information theory make it possible to do in seismic exploration?
A) Minimize free energy in the brain
B) Generate secure pseudorandom numbers
C) Strip off and separate unwanted noise from the desired seismic signal
D) Decode dominant social messages
  • 10. What methods offered a major improvement of resolution and image clarity over previous analog methods in seismic work?
A) Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators
B) Information theory and digital signal processing
C) Extractors and Rényi entropy
D) Free energy principles
  • 11. Which semioticians considered Charles Sanders Peirce as having created a theory of information?
A) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
B) Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi
C) Karl J. Friston and Andrey Kolmogorov
D) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 12. How did Doede Nauta define semiotic information theory?
A) The separation of unwanted noise from seismic signals
B) The minimization of free energy in a self-organized system
C) The study of the internal processes of coding, filtering, and information processing
D) The measurement of sufficient randomness in extractors
  • 13. Which semioticians used concepts like redundancy and code control to explain ideology?
A) Gerald Edelman and Karl J. Friston
B) C.E. Shannon and R.V.L. Hartley
C) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
D) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 14. In semiotic explanations of ideology, how does a dominant social class emit its message?
A) Through digital signal processing of seismic signals
B) By utilizing cryptographically secure pseudorandom seeds
C) By applying the free energy principle
D) By using signs that exhibit a high degree of redundancy
  • 15. Where have quantitative information theoretic methods been applied in cognitive science?
A) To study black holes and bioinformatics
B) To extract random numbers for cryptography
C) To analyze the integrated process organization of neural information
D) To explore seismic oil deposits
  • 16. What neurological problem is linked to the analysis of neural information organization?
A) The paradox of extraterrestrial intelligence
B) The problem of algorithmic complexity
C) The issue of seismic noise filtering
D) The binding problem in cognitive neuroscience
  • 17. Whose functional clustering model and dynamic core hypothesis define an information-theoretical measure in neural processing?
A) Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi
B) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
C) R.V.L. Hartley and C.E. Shannon
D) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 18. What is Giulio Tononi's integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness based on?
A) Min-entropy
B) Seismic signal processing
C) Effective information
D) Shannon entropy
  • 19. What underlies the definition of measures in the context of neural information organization?
A) A high degree of redundancy in signs
B) Analog methods of data transmission
C) A reentrant process organization
D) External cryptographic random seeds
  • 20. What does a reentrant process organization refer to?
A) The synchronization of neurophysiological activity between groups of neuronal populations
B) The filtering of unwanted noise from desired seismic signals
C) The generation of pseudorandom numbers using extractors
D) The coding and filtering processes studied in semiotics
  • 21. Whose free energy principle (FEP) states that every adaptive change leads to a minimization of free energy?
A) Gerald Edelman
B) Karl J. Friston
C) Giulio Tononi
D) Charles Sanders Peirce
  • 22. What type of system does the free energy principle apply to?
A) A cryptographic random number generator
B) An analog seismic receiver
C) A self-organized system
D) A dominant social class
  • 23. Along with the free energy principle, what other hypothesis is mentioned in relation to statistical methods in the brain?
A) The integrated information theory
B) The dynamic core hypothesis
C) The Bayesian brain hypothesis
D) The semiotic information theory
  • 24. Which field, aside from cryptography and seismology, has applications in information theory?
A) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
B) Alchemy
C) Phrenology
D) Astrology
  • 25. Which physical phenomenon is listed alongside extraterrestrial intelligence as having applications for information theory?
A) Tectonic plates
B) Black holes
C) Seismic waves
D) Neural clusters
  • 26. What life-science field is mentioned as having applications in information theory?
A) Bioinformatics
B) Biomechanics
C) Biophysics
D) Biochemistry
  • 27. What recreational activity is listed as an application of information theory?
A) Crosswords
B) Gambling
C) Cipher creation
D) Chess
  • 28. Who is listed in the history section alongside C.E. Shannon and Andrey Kolmogorov?
A) Umberto Eco
B) Doede Nauta
C) R.V.L. Hartley
D) Gerald Edelman
  • 29. Who is mentioned in the history section alongside R.V.L. Hartley and Andrey Kolmogorov?
A) C.E. Shannon
B) Winfried Nöth
C) Giulio Tononi
D) Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 30. Who is listed in the history section alongside R.V.L. Hartley and C.E. Shannon?
A) Winfried Nöth
B) Karl J. Friston
C) Andrey Kolmogorov
D) Charles Sanders Peirce
  • 31. What is the historical figure H.P. Yockey associated with in the text?
A) History of information theory
B) Dynamic core hypothesis
C) Integrated information theory
D) Free energy principle
  • 32. What do physiological systems use information theory to exchange, process, and integrate as?
A) A single organ
B) A network
C) A brute force attack
D) A block cipher
  • 33. What do physiological systems generate alongside functions in health and disease?
A) Symmetric keys
B) Unicity distances
C) Information theory units
D) Distinct physiological states
  • 34. What does network cross-communication and regulation reveal within the organism?
A) How it occurs
B) Why brute force attacks succeed
C) How encryption keys are generated
D) Why it ceases permanently
  • 35. Which interactions are listed as applications of information-theoretic approaches in physiology?
A) Enigma machine interactions
B) Cardio-respiratory interactions
C) Cryptographic interactions
D) One-time pad interactions
  • 36. In what kind of environments is network physiology applied according to the text?
A) Simulated virtual environments
B) Extreme environments
C) Cryogenic laboratory environments
D) Underground bunker environments
  • 37. What was the name of Turing's information unit used in the Ultra project?
A) The shannon
B) The bit
C) The ban
D) The byte
  • 38. In which project was Turing's information unit used?
A) The Enigma project
B) The Ultra project
C) The Venona project
D) The Unicity project
  • 39. What German machine code was broken during World War II with the help of the ban?
A) Lorenz cipher code
B) Enigma machine code
C) Symmetric key code
D) One-time pad code
  • 40. What does information theory lead us to believe about keeping secrets?
A) It requires no computational effort
B) It is much more difficult than it might first appear
C) It is completely impossible under any circumstances
D) It is extremely easy using symmetric keys
  • 41. What kind of attack can break systems based on asymmetric or symmetric key algorithms?
A) A conditional mutual attack
B) A network physiology attack
C) An information-theoretic attack
D) A brute force attack
  • 42. What are symmetric key algorithms sometimes called?
A) One-time pads
B) Asymmetric algorithms
C) Unicity distance algorithms
D) Secret key algorithms
  • 43. What is an example of a commonly used method of symmetric key algorithms?
A) Transfer entropy
B) Block ciphers
C) Bans
D) One-time pads
  • 44. What must be used correctly even when applying information-theoretically secure methods?
A) Brute force
B) Transfer entropy
C) Block ciphers
D) Care
  • 45. Which project was able to crack the one-time pads of the Soviet Union?
A) The Venona project
B) The Enigma project
C) The Network Physiology project
D) The Ultra project
  • 46. In which type of data compression must the data be reconstructed exactly?
A) Lossless data compression
B) Rate-distortion theory
C) Lossy data compression
D) Channel coding
  • 47. What justifies the division of coding theory into compression and transmission?
A) Rate-distortion theory
B) Channel resolvability
C) Pragmatic information
D) Source-channel separation theorems
  • 48. What do source-channel separation theorems justify the use of as the universal currency for information?
A) Bytes
B) Distortion functions
C) Entropy
D) Bits
  • 49. What type of channel involves more than one transmitter?
A) The relay channel
B) The broadcast channel
C) The multiple-access channel
D) The wiretap channel
  • 50. What type of channel involves more than one receiver?
A) The relay channel
B) The wiretap channel
C) The broadcast channel
D) The multiple-access channel
  • 51. What type of channel involves intermediary helpers?
A) The broadcast channel
B) The relay channel
C) The multiple-access channel
D) The wiretap channel
  • 52. What should joint entropy not be confused with despite similar notation?
A) Cross-entropy
B) Conditional entropy
C) Kullback-Leibler divergence
D) Mutual information
  • 53. What type of space does the vector give values in for joint entropy?
A) Euclidean space
B) Vector space
C) Product space
D) Metric space
  • 54. What is the formula for self-information I(pi)?
A) -log2(pi)
B) log2(pi)
C) 1 / pi
D) -ln(pi)
  • 55. What is the entropy H relative to the surprisal of all possible symbols?
A) The weighted average
B) The maximum value
C) The geometric mean
D) The median
  • 56. If 1000 bits are transmitted and each is independently and equally likely to be 0 or 1, how much information has been transmitted?
A) 1 shannon
B) 1000 shannons
C) 2000 bits
D) No information
  • 57. In what year was Claude Shannon's paper 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication' published?
A) 1960
B) 1952
C) 1948
D) 1939
  • 58. In what decade was information theory established and formalized?
A) 1950s
B) 1920s
C) 1940s
D) 1930s
  • 59. In what context was information theory initially formed?
A) Artificial intelligence
B) Molecular biology
C) Telecommunication
D) Quantum computing
  • 60. What is the entropy of a coin flip when you already know the outcome after it has landed?
A) 2 bits
B) 0.5 bits
C) 1 bit
D) Zero
  • 61. What is an example of source coding or data compression mentioned in the text?
A) ZIP files
B) Voyager missions
C) DSL
D) Compact discs
  • 62. What is an example of channel coding mentioned in the text?
A) Mobile phones
B) DSL
C) ZIP files
D) Artificial intelligence
  • 63. Whose success was crucially impacted by information theory regarding deep space missions?
A) Curiosity rover
B) Hubble telescope
C) Voyager missions
D) Apollo missions
  • 64. Which invention's success was crucially impacted by information theory?
A) Compact disc
B) Radio
C) Television
D) Steam engine
  • 65. What technology's feasibility was made possible by information theory?
A) Electric guitars
B) Airplanes
C) Automobiles
D) Mobile phones
  • 66. What modern developments were impacted by information theory alongside artificial intelligence?
A) The postal service
B) The printing press
C) The Internet
D) The telegraph network
  • 67. Which computational paradigm is listed alongside artificial intelligence as an application of information theory?
A) Optical computing
B) Quantum computing
C) Distributed computing
D) Cloud computing
  • 68. Which of the following artistic applications is mentioned as a use case for information theory?
A) Oil painting restoration
B) Sculpture casting
C) Architectural drafting
D) Art creation
  • 69. What specific musical topic is analyzed using information theory according to the text?
A) Musical instrument design
B) Music
C) Vocal cord anatomy
D) Acoustic room resonance
  • 70. Which philosophical field is listed at the end of the text as an application area of information theory?
A) Metaphysics
B) Ethics
C) Epistemology
D) Aesthetics
  • 71. Which historian rated Shannon's 1948 paper as the most important development of 1948?
A) James Gleick
B) Harry Nyquist
C) Vannevar Bush
D) Ralph Hartley
  • 72. In what year did Shannon outline some of his initial ideas in a letter to Vannevar Bush?
A) 1940
B) 1928
C) 1948
D) 1939
  • 73. To whom did Shannon write a letter outlining initial ideas of information theory in 1939?
A) James Gleick
B) Ludwig Boltzmann
C) Alan Turing
D) Vannevar Bush
  • 74. Who wrote the 1924 paper 'Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed'?
A) Harry Nyquist
B) Claude Shannon
C) Alan Turing
D) Ralph Hartley
  • 75. What relation was given in Harry Nyquist's 1924 paper?
A) E = mc2
B) PV = nRT
C) W = K log m
D) H = log Sn
  • 76. What unit of information was sometimes called the hartley in honor of Ralph Hartley?
A) The baud
B) The byte
C) The decimal digit
D) The bit
  • 77. Who used similar ideas in 1940 as part of the statistical analysis of breaking German Enigma ciphers?
A) Alan Turing
B) Ralph Hartley
C) Harry Nyquist
D) Claude Shannon
  • 78. Who made important contributions connecting information-theoretic entropy and thermodynamic entropy in the 1960s?
A) Harry Nyquist
B) James Gleick
C) Rolf Landauer
D) Vannevar Bush
  • 79. What logarithmic base is the bit or shannon based on?
A) Common logarithm
B) Decimal logarithm
C) Binary logarithm
D) Natural logarithm
  • 80. What logarithmic base is the nat based on?
A) Common logarithm
B) Natural logarithm
C) Base-two logarithm
D) Binary logarithm
  • 81. What logarithmic base is the decimal digit based on?
A) Binary logarithm
B) Natural logarithm
C) Common logarithm
D) Base-e logarithm
  • 82. What does the maximum value of entropy represent?
A) The lowest possible information content
B) A deterministic sequence
C) The most unpredictable state
D) The most predictable state
  • 83. What logarithmic base measures entropy in bytes per symbol?
A) Base-e
B) Base-10
C) Base-256
D) Base-2
  • 84. What type of trial has two outcomes for the binary entropy function?
A) An equiprobable trial
B) A Markov trial
C) A Bernoulli trial
D) A logarithmic trial
  • 85. What is another name for conditional entropy?
A) Mutual information
B) Equivocation
C) Marginal entropy
D) Joint entropy
  • 86. What is another name for mutual information according to the text?
A) Log-likelihood ratio
B) Transinformation
C) Kullback-Leibler divergence
D) Pointwise mutual information
  • 87. In what field is mutual information particularly important for maximizing shared information between sent and received signals?
A) Thermodynamics
B) Macroeconomics
C) Communication
D) Quantum mechanics
  • 88. Mutual information can be expressed as the average of which divergence?
A) Kullback-Leibler divergence
B) Euclidean distance
C) Jensen-Shannon divergence
D) Mahalanobis distance
  • 89. With which statistical test is mutual information closely related in the context of contingency tables?
A) Log-likelihood ratio test
B) Student's t-test
C) Shapiro-Wilk test
D) Mann-Whitney U test
  • 90. What type of mathematical function is the KL divergence classified as?
A) Semi-quasimetric
B) Euclidean metric
C) Linear transformation
D) Inner product
  • 91. In the alternative interpretation involving Alice and Bob, who knows the true probability distribution p(x)?
A) Alice
B) Neither
C) Both
D) Bob
  • 92. According to the surprise interpretation, who will be more surprised on average upon seeing the value of X?
A) Alice
B) Bob
C) It is impossible to determine
D) Both will be equally surprised
  • 93. What type of set is X assumed to be when drawing a random number in the surprise interpretation?
A) An empty set
B) A discrete set
C) A finite geometric set
D) An infinite continuous set
  • 94. Does directed information apply to statistical physics?
A) Yes
B) Only in quantum states
C) No
D) Only in macroscopic mechanics
  • 95. What does the random process Xn consist of?
A) {X1, Y1, ..., X_n, Y_n}
B) {X0, X1, ..., X_{n-1}}
C) {Y1, Y2, ..., Y_n}
D) {X1, X2, ..., X_n}
  • 96. What do the two expressions for the rate give for stationary sources?
A) Completely different results
B) A result of zero
C) The same result
D) An undefined value
  • 97. How is the noise nature of the channel considered in the text?
A) An inherent fixed property
B) A completely controllable variable
C) An unpredictable random variable that changes constantly
D) A negligible factor in modern systems
  • 98. What is the crossover probability of a binary symmetric channel denoted as?
A) p
B) e
C) i
D) Hb
  • 99. What does a binary symmetric channel do to the input bit with probability p?
A) Delays the input bit
B) Flips the input bit
C) Erases the input bit
D) Duplicates the input bit
  • 100. What feature do many channels have in practice?
A) Zero capacity
B) Memory
C) Gaussian noise
D) Ternary input
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