A) Atomic number B) Molecular weight C) Chemical composition D) Emission spectra
A) NBD B) Glucose C) Oxygen D) Water
A) Symmetric electron groups on the same side B) Heavy metal ions in the center C) Absence of aromatic rings D) Electron-donating and withdrawing groups on opposite ends of an aromatic ring
A) Dipole stabilization B) Solvent relaxation C) Molecular decay D) Photon absorption
A) 1–10 ns B) 0.5–3 ms C) 1–10 seconds D) 10–100 ps
A) Einstein-Planck equation B) Lipper-Mataga equation C) Beer-Lambert law D) Stokes-Shift theorem
A) Excitation and emission B) Fluorescent and phosphorescent C) Environment-sensitive and solvatochromic D) Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
A) 10–100 ps B) 0.5–3 ms C) 100–500 ns D) 1–10 ns
A) It disappears completely B) It becomes shorter C) It becomes linear D) It becomes multiexponential
A) Pyrene B) Dansyl C) Cascade Yellow D) Dapoxyl
A) 10 to 50 μs B) 0.5 to 3 ms C) 1 to 10 ns D) 10 to 100 ps
A) Emitting two photons simultaneously B) Conversion of heat into light C) Simultaneous absorption of two low-energy photons D) Absorption of a single high-energy photon
A) Faster solvent relaxation B) Larger Stokes shift changes in different solvents C) Smaller excitation energy D) Constant fluorescence intensity
A) No, these properties are independent B) Yes, they are synonymous C) Yes, solvatochromic dyes are always hydrophobic D) Yes, hydrophobic dyes are always solvatochromic
A) 10 ns to 10 μs B) 0.5 to 3 ms C) 100 to 500 ms D) 1 to 10 ns
A) 400 nm B) 1600 nm C) 800 nm D) 200 nm
A) Dipole moment B) Photodestruction lifetime C) Emission spectra D) Stokes shift
A) Temperature B) pH C) Polarity D) Pressure
A) Support vector machine B) Recurrent neural network C) Deep-convolutional neural network D) Generative adversarial network
A) A few seconds B) A few milliseconds C) A few microseconds D) A few nanoseconds
A) Emitted light has lower energy B) Emitted light has equal energy C) Energy remains unchanged during emission D) Emitted light has higher energy
A) Forbidden transitions from a triplet state B) Rapid transitions from a singlet state C) Lack of excitation light D) Enzymatic reaction on a substrate
A) Biological chemiluminescence B) Fluorescence in living cells C) Inorganic phosphorescence D) Radioactive emission
A) Radioactive isotopes B) Simple inorganic salts C) Transition metal-ligand complexes D) Pure organic fluorophores
A) It is naturally occurring in all cells B) Does not require radiological controls C) It does not change molecular properties D) It is always non-toxic
A) High cost of reagents B) Fluorescence quenching C) Inability to detect low concentrations D) Lack of high-intensity lasers
A) Excessive radiation emission B) Interference with normal biological processes C) Requiring constant dark conditions D) Inability to detect them in live cells
A) Förster resonance energy transfer B) Fluorescence resonance electronic transition C) Fluorescence radiative emission technology D) Fast radiative energy transfer
A) Contact between labeled proteins B) Radioactive decay of the protein C) The exact sequence of amino acids D) The mass of the protein
A) Directly measuring radiation from the cells B) Converting bright-field images into fluorescent images C) Using radioactive tracers D) Applying chemical stains to all cells
A) Fluorescence B) Phosphorescence C) Radioactivity D) Chemiluminescence
A) Autofluorescence B) Resonance activation C) Quantum fluorescence D) Extrinsic emission
A) NADH B) Adenosine triphosphate C) Glucose D) Water
A) Logarithmically related B) Directly proportional C) Exponentially related D) Inversely proportional
A) Stokes shift plus lifetime B) Excitation wavelength divided by emission wavelength C) Absorbed photons minus emitted photons D) Quantum yield multiplied by extinction coefficient
A) Carboxyl B) Hydroxyl C) Amino D) Thiol
A) Delocalized electrons B) Ionic lattice structures C) Metallic bonds D) Proton transfer
A) Gold, Silver, or Copper B) Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel C) Zinc, Magnesium, or Calcium D) Ruthenium, Rhenium, or Osmium
A) Maleimide conjugation B) Hydrophobicity C) Click chemistry D) Succinimide coupling
A) 2p orbits B) 5s orbits C) 4f orbits D) 3d orbits
A) Green fluorescent protein B) NADH C) Phycoerythrin D) DNA
A) Semiconductor nanoparticles B) Organic proteins C) Lipid membranes D) Jellyfish enzymes
A) Aequorea victoria B) Allophycocyanin C) Anthozoa D) Phytofluors
A) Upon folding via specific residues B) By absorbing glucose C) Through external heat application D) By binding to a metallic cofactor
A) Fungi B) Corals (Anthozoa) C) Mammalian skin D) Bacteria
A) Monitoring multiple nucleic acid sequences simultaneously B) Running qPCR without a fluorophore C) Using only one fluorophore for many samples D) Mixing quantum dots with GFP
A) Calculating the volume of an organelle B) Visualizing DNA replication sites C) Studying protein-ligand binding D) Measuring cell division rates
A) An enzyme B) A heavy metal ion C) A radioactive isotope D) A fluorophore
A) Fluorescein B) SYBR Green C) Rhodamine D) DAPI
A) Bilirubin B) Ethidium bromide C) Hemoglobin D) Zinc protoporphyrin
A) A specialized laser filter B) A high-speed shutter C) A pinhole D) A monochromatic lens
A) A 2D surface projection B) A real-time moving video C) A quantitative, 3D view D) A spectroscopic analysis |