 - 1. Who was responsible for the final compilation of the Tibetan Buddhist Canon in the 14th century?
A) Zanabazar
B) Ligdan Khan
C) Buton Rinchen Drub
D) Brian H. Hodgson
- 2. Which section of the Tibetan Canon consists of works supposed to have been spoken by the Buddha?
A) Kangyur
B) Tengyur
C) Abhidharma
D) Shastras
- 3. How many texts are contained within the Tengyur section of the Tibetan Canon?
A) 5,000
B) 224
C) 1,000
D) 3,626
- 4. Which of these is NOT mentioned as a major edition of the Tibetan Canon?
A) Tokyo edition
B) Lhasa edition
C) Peking edition
D) Derge edition
- 5. The Mongolian Buddhist Canon is primarily based on which other canon?
A) Sanskrit Canon
B) Chinese Canon
C) Tibetan Buddhist canon
D) Pali Canon
- 6. Which individual supervised a major project to finish translating and printing the Mongolian canon using woodblock printing?
A) Qianlong Emperor
B) Zanabazar
C) Ligdan Khan
D) Buton Rinchen Drub
- 7. Where is the unique collection of Sanskrit Buddhist texts primarily preserved?
A) Kathmandu Valley
B) Beijing
C) Lhasa
D) Calcutta
- 8. Who collected Sanskrit manuscripts from Nepal and sent them to academic institutions in Europe and Calcutta?
A) Buton Rinchen Drub
B) Ligdan Khan
C) Brian H. Hodgson
D) Zanabazar
- 9. Which scripts were used in Newar Buddhist texts?
A) Chinese and Pali
B) Tibetan and Mongolian
C) Newā Lipi and Rañjana
D) Devanagari and Brahmi
- 10. When did the translation project of the Mongolian canon supervised by Ligdan Khan and Zanabazar reach completion?
A) 14th century
B) 19th century
C) 12th century
D) 17th century
- 11. What does the term 'Tengyur' translate to?
A) Translated Treatises or Shastras
B) Commentaries of the Buddha
C) Translated Words of the Buddha
D) Sacred Rituals
- 12. What is a distinguishing feature of the Nepalese Buddhist textual tradition?
A) Focus on Chinese translations
B) Emphasis on preserving Sanskrit originals
C) Lack of written manuscripts
D) Exclusion of Vajrayana scriptures
- 13. What are the local clergy members of the Newar Buddhist community called?
A) śākyabhikṣus and vajrācāryas
B) Khans and emperors
C) Pundits and scholars
D) Lamas and monks
- 14. Besides Tibetan, from which other language canons were some texts in the Tibetan Kangyur translated?
A) Chinese and Pali
B) Arabic and Greek
C) Latin and Hindi
D) Japanese and Korean
- 15. What happened to Indian monasteries after the 12th century that impacted the Kathmandu Valley?
A) Rapid technological growth
B) Destruction by Muslim conquests
C) Conversion to Hinduism
D) Migration to Europe
- 16. Where in Sri Lanka was the project to write down the canon undertaken?
A) Kandy
B) Aluvihare, Matale
C) Colombo
D) Anuradhapura
- 17. How many books make up the Tripiṭaka set mentioned in the text?
A) 10 books
B) 32 books
C) 50 books
D) 3 books
- 18. What is the English translation of the Vinaya Pitaka?
A) Basket of Special Doctrine
B) Basket of Discourse
C) Basket of Discipline
D) Basket of Wisdom
- 19. The structure and moral virtues of the Vinaya Pitaka have similarities to what other tradition's texts?
A) Shintoism
B) Hinduism
C) Taoism
D) Jainism
- 20. Which of these is NOT found in the Pali Canon according to the text?
A) Vinaya Pitaka
B) Mahayana Sutras
C) Sutra Pitaka
D) Abhidhamma Pitaka
- 21. During whose reign were the canons written down in books?
A) Kanishka
B) Siddhartha Gautama
C) Asoka
D) Valagamba of Anuradhapura
- 22. Approximately how many years after the Buddha's lifetime was the canon put into writing?
A) 100 years
B) 1000 years
C) Nearly 500 years
D) 200 years
- 23. In what year was the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya translated into Chinese?
A) 176 CE
B) 150 CE
C) 424 CE
D) 352 CE
- 24. Which scholar rejects the attribution of the Chinese Saṃyukta Āgama (T 100) to the Kāśyapīya school?
A) Bingenheimer
B) Zhu Daosheng
C) Buddhajīva
D) Guṇabhadra
- 25. Which emperor provided patronage to the Sarvāstivāda school?
A) Buddhaghoṣa
B) Kanishka
C) Asoka
D) Kanishka II
- 26. Where did the Sarvāstivāda school hold a council during the reign of Kanishka II?
A) North India
B) Central Asia
C) Kashmir
D) Afghanistan
- 27. What is the name of the main canonical Abhidharma text composed by the Sarvāstivāda school?
A) Madhyama Āgama
B) Vinaya Piṭaka
C) Mahāvibhaṣa
D) Dīrgha Āgama
- 28. Who translated the Madhyama Āgama (Taishō Tripiṭaka no. 26)?
A) Baoyun
B) Guṇabhadra
C) Gautama Saṃghadeva
D) Buddhajīva
- 29. Where was the nearly complete collection of Mūlasārvāstivāda sūtras recently discovered?
A) Nepal
B) Kashmir
C) China
D) Afghanistan
- 30. Which Chinese translator worked on the Mūlasārvāstivāda Saṃyukta Āgama (T 99)?
A) Gautama Saṃghadeva
B) Zhu Daosheng
C) Buddhajīva
D) Baoyun
- 31. Which manuscripts contain Mūlasārvāstivāda Āgamas and vinaya texts in Sanskrit?
A) Three Qin manuscripts
B) Nepalese manuscripts
C) Taishō Tripiṭaka
D) Gilgit manuscripts
- 32. The main canonical Abhidharma text of the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins is titled what?
A) Saṃyukta Āgama
B) Madhyama Āgama
C) Dīrgha Āgama
D) Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
- 33. Which school's Vinaya is preserved as Taishō Tripiṭaka 1421?
A) Kāśyapīya
B) Mahīśāsaka
C) Mūlasārvāstivāda
D) Sarvāstivāda
- 34. What is the English translation of the name Mahāsāṃghika?
A) Great Community
B) Great Teaching
C) Great Assembly
D) Great Vehicle
- 35. Which Mahāsāṃghika sect did Paramārtha state did not accept Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana?
A) Kukkuṭika
B) Ekavyāvahārika
C) Bahuśrutīya
D) Lokottaravāda
- 36. Which sect did Paramārtha identify as accepting Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana?
A) Lokottaravāda
B) Caitika
C) Siddhārthika
D) Kukkuṭika
- 37. Who is the attributed author of the Satyasiddhi Śāstra?
A) Paramārtha
B) Avalokitavrata
C) Harivarman
D) Buddhabhadra
- 38. According to the Theravādin Dīpavaṃsa, did the Mahāsāṃghikas have an Abhidharma?
A) They had only one book
B) No
C) Yes
D) They had a secret collection
- 39. Avalokitavrata associates the Mahāsāṃghika 'Great Āgama Piṭaka' with which Mahāyāna sūtra?
A) Mahāvastu
B) Prajñāparamitā
C) Vinaya
D) Satyasiddhi Śāstra
- 40. The Bahuśrutīya school is noted for including what in their canon?
A) Vinaya Piṭaka
B) Vidyādhāra Piṭaka
C) Bodhisattva Piṭaka
D) Great Āgama Piṭaka
- 41. Which of the following is a sub-sect of the Caitikas?
A) Bahuśrutīya
B) Ekavyāvahārika
C) Kukkuṭika
D) Pūrvaśailas
- 42. Which pilgrim mentioned Mahāsāṃghika Abhidharma?
A) Xuanzang
B) Harivarman
C) Bhāvaviveka
D) Avalokitavrata
- 43. In what language did the historical Buddha deliver his sermons?
A) Classical Tibetan
B) Sanskrit
C) Classical Mongolian
D) Magadhi Prakrit
- 44. What kind of works are found in the Abhidharma?
A) Biographies of monks
B) Scholastic philosophical works
C) Poetic verses and hymns
D) Traditional cooking recipes
- 45. How many aṅgas are typically listed in Pali sources?
A) Twelve
B) Eight
C) Nine
D) Ten
- 46. Which term refers to prose discourses that often begin with 'Thus have I heard'?
A) Avadāna
B) Udāna
C) Sūtra
D) Gāthā
- 47. Which category specifically denotes standalone didactic verses or poems?
A) Udāna
B) Geya
C) Sūtra
D) Gāthā
- 48. What is the function of the Nidāna in a discourse?
A) Predicts future awakening
B) Explains events leading to the teaching
C) Provides miraculous accounts
D) Details karmic results
- 49. Which category describes stories of the Buddha’s past lives as a bodhisattva?
A) Vyākaraṇa
B) Jātaka
C) Itivṛttaka
D) Avadāna
- 50. Which category involves predictions regarding the future awakening of disciples?
A) Upadeśa
B) Vyākaraṇa
C) Abhutadharma
D) Jātaka
- 51. What does 'Upadeśa' typically involve?
A) Standalone poems
B) Stories of virtuous deeds
C) Prophecies of future awakening
D) Detailed doctrinal instructions in Q&A format
- 52. According to Bhikkhu Anālayo, what do the aṅgas refer to in early Buddhist usage?
A) Textual collections
B) Textual types
C) The order of reading
D) The geographical origin of texts
- 53. Which of these is mentioned as a source containing the twelvefold division?
A) Vedas
B) Ramayana
C) Upanishads
D) Lalitavistara
- 54. What is the length of the Mahāsāṃghika Tripiṭaka according to Yijing?
A) 200,000 slokas
B) 500,000 slokas
C) 100,000 slokas
D) 300,000 slokas
- 55. What is the approximate length of the Saṃmitīya Tripiṭaka?
A) 200,000 slokas
B) 300,000 slokas
C) 100,000 slokas
D) 400,000 slokas
- 56. What term did Yijing use to describe the four principal schools of continuous tradition?
A) Primary sects
B) Modern traditions
C) Arya traditions
D) Mahayana traditions
- 57. How many different schools' Tripiṭaka is Xuanzang said to have brought to China?
A) Eighteen
B) Seven
C) Four
D) Five
- 58. Which of these is NOT one of the schools mentioned by Xuanzang as having brought texts to China?
A) Mahīśāsaka
B) Kāśyapīya
C) Theravada
D) Dharmaguptaka
- 59. According to Bu-ston, how many schools of Buddhism existed around or before the 1st century CE?
A) Four
B) Seven
C) Eighteen
D) Twelve
- 60. The Prajñaptivādins viewed all Buddha's teachings as having what kind of importance?
A) Irrelevant
B) Provisional
C) Ultimate
D) Non-existent
- 61. How many sūtras does the Dharmaguptaka Dīrgha Āgama contain?
A) 30
B) 5
C) 125
D) 34
- 62. Which scholar associates the Ekottara Āgama (Taishō 125) with the Dharmaguptaka school?
A) A. K. Warder
B) Dhammapala
C) Zhu Fonian
D) Buddhayaśas
- 63. Buddhist monastics in East Asia adhere to which Vinaya?
A) Dharmaguptaka
B) Prajñaptivāda
C) Theravāda
D) Sthavira
- 64. What is the traditional Chinese term for the Chinese Buddhist Canon?
A) Tripiṭaka
B) Mahāyāna
C) Dàzàngjīng
D) Abhidharma
- 65. Who created the 'Kaiyuan Era Catalogue' in 730?
A) Taishō
B) Wu
C) Chia
D) Zhisheng
- 66. What is the basic division structure introduced by Zhisheng?
A) Six-fold division
B) Eight-fold division
C) Two-fold division
D) Four-fold division
- 67. Which of these is a textual category found in the Chinese Buddhist Canon?
A) Political manifestos
B) Esoteric texts
C) Modern English novels
D) Science journals
- 68. Into which language has the Chinese Buddhist Canon been translated in full in the modern era?
A) Korean
B) Sanskrit
C) Pali
D) Gandhari
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