Slavery in ancient Rome - Quiz
Slavery in ancient Rome
  • 1. What did freed slaves generally become?
A) Gladiators
B) Foreigners
C) Senators
D) Citizens
  • 2. What rights did freed slaves categorized as dediticii hold?
A) Full rights
B) Property rights
C) No rights
D) Only voting rights
  • 3. Who called the status of dediticius "the worst kind of freedom"?
A) Caracalla
B) Cicero
C) Gaius
D) Augustus
  • 4. How were dediticii treated if they came within a hundred miles of Rome?
A) Imprisoned indefinitely
B) Granted full citizenship
C) Subject to reenslavement
D) Executed immediately
  • 5. When was Roman citizenship granted to all free inhabitants of the empire by Caracalla?
A) AD 212
B) AD 100
C) AD 312
D) AD 476
  • 6. Were dediticii included in Caracalla's universal grant of Roman citizenship?
A) Yes
B) Only if they lived in Rome
C) Only if they paid a tax
D) No
  • 7. With whom were manumitted slaves who had been treated as criminals counted as a potential threat?
A) Roman senators
B) Enemies defeated in war
C) Foreign merchants
D) Freed gladiators
  • 8. What Latin phrase describes the origins of slaves in ancient Rome?
A) carpe diem
B) servi aut nascuntur aut fiunt
C) caveat emptor
D) vini vidi vici
  • 9. What does "servi aut nascuntur aut fiunt" mean in English?
A) All people are born free
B) Slaves are bought and sold
C) Slaves are either born or made
D) War creates all slaves
  • 10. What were slaves born to a slave woman within a household or farm called?
A) Vernae
B) Gladiators
C) Freedmen
D) Dediticii
  • 11. Which of the following was a cause of enslavement in the ancient Roman world?
A) Voluntary retirement
B) Inheriting property
C) Warfare
D) Political election
  • 12. Which illegal activity besides warfare contributed to people becoming enslaved?
A) Piracy and kidnapping
B) Tax evasion
C) Smuggling goods
D) Counterfeiting coins
  • 13. What childhood circumstance could lead to enslavement according to the text?
A) Running away
B) Failing school
C) Orphaned parents
D) Child abandonment
  • 14. What did some scholars suggest freeborn people occasionally did regarding slavery?
A) Lobbied to abolish slavery
B) Fought against slaveholders
C) Sold themselves into slavery
D) Bought their freedom early
  • 15. Which of the following punishments marked a slave as a criminal?
A) Placing them in chains
B) Freeing them early
C) Promoting them to overseer
D) Giving them extra food
  • 16. Which body modification marked a slave as a criminal?
A) Tattooing or branding
B) Cutting hair short
C) Wearing a ring
D) Piercing ears
  • 17. What method of interrogation made a master's slaves categorized as dediticii upon manumission?
A) Questioning them in public
B) Torturing them to confess a crime
C) Exiling them temporarily
D) Asking them to swear an oath
  • 18. Where might a master involuntarily send a slave as a criminal punishment?
A) A public library
B) A political senate
C) A farming academy
D) A gladiatorial school
  • 19. What was the Latin term for a gladiatorial school?
A) Villa
B) Domus
C) Servi
D) Ludus
  • 20. What arena combat might criminal slaves be condemned to fight in?
A) With gladiators or wild beasts
B) In naval battles
C) Against foreign armies
D) In chariot races
  • 21. What Latin term refers to a household?
A) Ludus
B) Villa
C) Dediticius
D) Domus
  • 22. What Latin term refers to a family farm or agricultural estate?
A) Ludus
B) Verna
C) Villa
D) Domus
  • 23. How is the relative proportion of the causes of enslavement viewed by modern scholars?
A) It is completely known and undisputed
B) It is hard to determine and remains debated
C) It was entirely caused by warfare
D) It was solely caused by child abandonment
  • 24. What was the legal status of freed slaves who had been treated as criminals by their masters?
A) Dediticii
B) Patricians
C) Plebeians
D) Vernae
  • 25. What opportunity did skilled and educated slaves have that unskilled slaves generally lacked?
A) Becoming the head of a Roman household
B) Obtaining freedom through well-defined paths
C) Automatic elevation to elite Roman status
D) Exemption from all forms of physical labor
  • 26. Which groups were especially vulnerable to kidnapping and piracy from the 2nd century BC through late antiquity?
A) Wealthy landowners in rural estates
B) Children of poor families
C) Members of the Roman senatorial class
D) Foreign merchants traveling alone
  • 27. When did a period of major slave rebellions end with the defeat of Spartacus?
A) 396 BC
B) 71 BC
C) 450 BC
D) 2nd century AD
  • 28. What was the most concerted form of policing in the Roman Empire regarding slaves?
A) Routine census tracking
B) Inspection of marketplace transactions
C) Border patrols against foreign kidnappers
D) Fugitive slave-hunting
  • 29. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, to what legendary time did the master's right over household dependents date back?
A) The end of the Punic Wars
B) The time of Romulus
C) The drafting of the Twelve Tables
D) The reign of Servius Tullius
  • 30. Who was said to have been the son of a slave woman according to Roman tradition?
A) Pliny the Elder
B) Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome
C) Spartacus the rebel leader
D) Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome
  • 31. What is the traditional date of the Twelve Tables, the earliest Roman legal code?
A) 451/450 BC
B) 71 BC
C) 265 BC
D) 396 BC
  • 32. What term is used in the Twelve Tables to refer to freedmen?
A) Dominus dominium
B) Paterfamilias
C) Liberi gentes
D) Cives Romani liberti
  • 33. According to Ulpian's tripartite division of law, under which category are all human beings born free?
A) The Twelve Tables
B) Natural law
C) Civil law
D) The ius gentium
  • 34. Which wars produced the most dramatic surge in the number of Roman slaves?
A) The campaigns of Servius Tullius
B) The wars against the Etruscan cities
C) The first two Punic Wars
D) The conflicts during the late Imperial era
  • 35. What was the Latin word used for 'master' in relation to controlling the household domain?
A) Familia
B) Dominus
C) Libertus
D) Paterfamilias
  • 36. What permitted debt slavery under harsh terms in early Rome?
A) The ius gentium
B) The Twelve Tables
C) The treaty of Flamininus
D) The Sasanian Empire
  • 37. Who enslaved Roman war captives in large numbers during the Second Punic War?
A) Flamininus
B) Marcus Crassus
C) Hannibal
D) Shapur I
  • 38. To whom did Hannibal sell the Roman prisoners of war after the Battle of Cannae?
A) The Parthians
B) The Sasanian Empire
C) The Greeks
D) The Romans
  • 39. How many years of slavery did the survivors of Cannae endure before being recovered?
A) Some twenty years
B) About five years
C) Ten years
D) Over forty years
  • 40. Who captured 10,000 Roman survivors after the defeat of Marcus Crassus?
A) The Greeks
B) The Parthians
C) The Carthaginians
D) The Sasanians
  • 41. Who imagined the Roman prisoners from Carrhae married to barbarian women about thirty years after the battle?
A) The historian Shapur I
B) The emperor Hadrian
C) The Augustan poet Horace
D) The commander Flamininus
  • 42. Who became the first Roman emperor to be held captive after his defeat at the Battle of Edessa?
A) Marcus Crassus
B) Hadrian
C) Shapur I
D) Valerian
  • 43. Who defeated Valerian at the Battle of Edessa?
A) Hannibal
B) Flamininus
C) Shapur I
D) Marcus Crassus
  • 44. Where are the reliefs and inscriptions celebrating Shapur I's victories over the Romans located?
A) Lake Trasimene
B) Margiana in Bactria
C) Rome
D) Naqsh-e Rostam, southwest Iran
  • 45. What legal power over dependents was suspended if an enslaved Roman was the head of a household?
A) Latrocinium
B) Ius gentium
C) Potestas
D) Postliminium
  • 46. What Latin term is used in the text to describe banditry?
A) Limen
B) Servi hostium
C) Bellum
D) Latrocinium
  • 47. What Latin term is used in the text to describe war?
A) Postliminium
B) Bellum
C) Latrocinium
D) Potestas
  • 48. What legal process was originally developed for reintegrating war captives?
A) Postliminium
B) Potestas
C) Latrocinium
D) Ius gentium
  • 49. What does the term 'limen' refer to in the context of postliminium?
A) A bandit camp
B) One's own threshold
C) An enemy sovereign state
D) A debt collector
  • 50. What was the status of an individual ransomed by someone outside his family before paying back the money?
A) Stripped of all property forever
B) Ambiguous until the lien was lifted
C) Completely restored to full citizen rights immediately
D) Permanently classified as a slave
  • 51. Under which emperor was an investigative procedure put in place to determine if returned soldiers had surrendered willingly?
A) Valerian
B) Shapur I
C) Hadrian
D) Augustus
  • 52. What was the common Latin word for 'slave'?
A) Res
B) Dominus
C) Servus
D) Mancipium
  • 53. In Roman law, what was the term for a slave as chattel?
A) Mancipium
B) Homo
C) Paterfamilias
D) Persona
  • 54. What formal legal process was required to transfer ownership of res mancipi?
A) Actio civilis
B) Manumissio
C) Patria potestas
D) Mancipatio
  • 55. What was the term for free noncitizen residents in Rome?
A) Peregrini
B) Liberi
C) Domini
D) Plebeians
  • 56. Who was the Roman citizen who enjoyed liberty to the fullest extent?
A) The wealthiest merchant trader
B) The senior military general
C) The property-owning paterfamilias
D) The chief magistrate of the city
  • 57. Which member of the extended household was exempt from the paterfamilias's power of life and death?
A) His wife
B) His younger children
C) His domestic slaves
D) His agricultural workers
  • 58. What title could a free Roman woman hold as a property owner?
A) Mater
B) Domina
C) Regina
D) Matrona
  • 59. What was the Latin singular word for a human being, applied to slaves?
A) Civis
B) Homo
C) Servus
D) Persona
  • 60. To what legal status was a slave compared because they could not enter into contracts?
A) A perpetual minor
B) A convicted criminal
C) An emancipated freedman
D) A foreign visitor
  • 61. According to Marcel Mauss, what Latin phrase summarizes the slave's lack of personality?
A) Servus non habet personam
B) Homo homini lupus
C) Lex talionis
D) Cuius regio eius religio
  • 62. What could happen to a master in the imperial period for killing a slave without just cause?
A) He could face penalties
B) He was stripped of all Roman citizenship
C) He was banished from the Italian peninsula
D) He received an automatic death sentence
  • 63. Under imperial laws, on what grounds could a master be compelled to sell a slave?
A) Insubordination
B) Old age or illness
C) Financial bankruptcy
D) Mistreatment
  • 64. What did Emperor Claudius decree regarding an abandoned slave?
A) The slave became public property of the state
B) The slave was reassigned to a magistrate
C) The slave was granted land to farm
D) The slave became free
  • 65. Under which emperor could a master who killed a slave without just cause be tried for homicide?
A) Claudius
B) Antoninus Pius
C) Constantine II
D) Nero
  • 66. What brutal punishment could still be inflicted on slaves in late antiquity for testifying against their masters?
A) Being crucified in public
B) Being forced to fight in the arena
C) Being burnt alive
D) Being banished to lead mines
  • 67. What was the apparent aim of late antique laws discouraging the subjection of Christians to Jewish owners?
A) Abolishing the institution of slavery entirely
B) Protecting Christian identity
C) Raising taxes on slave transactions
D) Transferring all slave ownership to the church
  • 68. What was the term for a lasting heterosexual union between slaves that was recognized by the owner?
A) Contubernium
B) Vermae
C) Potestas
D) Manumission
  • 69. Who had to arrange, approve, or recognize a slave contubernium?
A) A freeborn man
B) The slave's owner
C) A Roman jurist
D) The emperor
  • 70. What did a contubernium express an intention to do if both partners gained freedom?
A) Own property
B) Adopt children
C) Marry
D) Divorce their master
  • 71. Which Roman leader issued laws pertaining to marriage and sexual morality?
A) Nero
B) Constantine
C) Augustus
D) Julius Caesar
  • 72. Under Augustus's laws, a legal marriage was permitted between a freedwoman and a freeborn man of any rank below what level?
A) Patrician
B) Imperial
C) Plebeian
D) Senatorial
  • 73. How many partners' intention was required for a Roman woman to initiate divorce?
A) Four
B) Two
C) One
D) Three
  • 74. Where did the practice of allowing a slave a peculium likely originate?
A) In Roman Senate meetings
B) In gladiator schools
C) On agricultural estates
D) In naval shipyards
  • 75. What does the word peculium point to the addition of?
A) Livestock
B) Precious metals
C) Foreign currency
D) Real estate
  • 76. What was the Latin word for livestock related to the term peculium?
A) Patrimonium
B) Dominus
C) Servus
D) Pecus
  • 77. What might slaves in wealthy households be given as an allowance?
A) A portion of the master's political power
B) A small monetary peculium
C) Ownership of the main house
D) Legal representation in court
  • 78. What kind of gifts contributed to a slave's peculium growth?
A) Bribes from Roman magistrates
B) Gifts from a third party for meritorious services
C) Mandatory tribute from neighboring farms
D) Stolen goods from the master's estate
  • 79. Can inscriptions show that slaves paid for dedications with their own money?
A) Only freedpersons could do this, never slaves
B) Only during the Republic era
C) Yes
D) No
  • 80. What did slaves who managed a peculium have a far better chance of obtaining?
A) Liberty
B) Roman citizenship at birth
C) A military commission
D) Political office
  • 81. What did certain freedmen go on to amass with their business acumen?
A) Considerable fortunes
B) Large political empires
C) Control over the Roman Senate
D) Vast agricultural plantations in Greece
  • 82. From which term does the English word 'emancipation' derive?
A) Manumissio
B) Peculium
C) Emancipatio
D) Paterfamilias
  • 83. Who had the unilateral power to free any slave to serve the interests of the state during census-taking?
A) The magistrate holding imperium
B) An ordained bishop
C) The emperor Nero
D) The censor
  • 84. What legal status was created by Augustus for informally manumitted slaves?
A) Roman citizen
B) Paterfamilias
C) Chattel laborer
D) Junian Latin
  • 85. Which 6th-century law gave bishops the power to free slaves?
A) The edict of AD 316
B) The Twelve Tables
C) lex Fufia Caninia
D) Novella 142
  • 86. What did the term inter amicos mean regarding informal manumission?
A) In a letter
B) By the rod
C) Within a church
D) Among friends
  • 87. Which Roman emperor ruled that the state had no interest in revoking a formal manumission?
A) Nero
B) Augustus
C) Constantine I
D) Justinian
  • 88. In what region was Constantine's edict on church manumission notably delayed until AD 401?
A) Africa
B) Gaul
C) Italy
D) Hispania
  • 89. What term described a freed person in relation to their former master?
A) Libertinus
B) Praetor
C) Patronus
D) Libertus
  • 90. What term described the former master of a freed person?
A) Patronus
B) Praeses
C) Libertus
D) Praetor
  • 91. According to the edict of 118 BC, what could not be demanded from a freedman?
A) Services
B) Projects
C) Money
D) Sworn stipulations
  • 92. What law of AD 4 allowed a patron to take his freedman to court for not carrying out operae?
A) Lex Valeria
B) Lex Aelia Sentia
C) Lex Cornelia
D) Lex Julia
  • 93. What term designated the social class of freed slaves?
A) Patroni
B) Libertini
C) Praetores
D) Plebeians
  • 94. What garment were freedmen entitled to wear for ceremonial functions and funeral rites when holding local offices?
A) Toga virilis
B) Toga picta
C) Toga candida
D) Toga praetexta
  • 95. In provincial towns, inscriptions indicate former slaves could be elected to all offices below which rank?
A) Consul
B) Aedile
C) Praetor
D) Quaestor
  • 96. During which period did some freedmen become very powerful government functionaries?
A) Middle Republic
B) Late Republic
C) Early Imperial period
D) Byzantine period
  • 97. Which former slave of the emperor Claudius rose to a position of great influence?
A) Demetrius
B) Narcissus
C) Trimalchio
D) Lucius Arlenus
  • 98. Under which group of emperors did the influence of freedmen grow significantly before being limited by law?
A) Severan emperors
B) Antonine emperors
C) Julio-Claudian emperors
D) Flavian emperors
  • 99. What was the business of Lucius Arlenus Demetrius and Lucius Arlenus Artemidorus?
A) Real estate development
B) Cloak dealership
C) Pottery manufacturing
D) Grain trade
  • 100. From which region was Lucius Arlenus Demetrius enslaved?
A) Paphlagonia
B) Cilicia
C) Pompeii
D) Rome
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