Nabataean Kingdom - Quiz
Nabataean Kingdom
  • 1. In which century did the first phase of the rise of the Nabataean Arabs occur?
A) 2nd century BC
B) 1st century BC
C) 4th century BC
D) 3rd century BC
  • 2. Which military operations in the region guarantee the presence of Nabataeans in Transjordan by the end of the 4th century BC?
A) Ptolemaic operations
B) Antigonus' operations
C) Roman operations
D) Seleucid operations
  • 3. Which papyri firmly attest the penetration of the Hauran by the Nabataeans in the mid-3rd century BC?
A) Oxyrhynchus papyri
B) Zenon papyri
C) Milan papyrus
D) Elephantine papyri
  • 4. Before establishing urban centers, how did the early Nabataeans successfully defend their territory against larger powers?
A) By forming a coalition with the Roman Empire
B) Through naval blockades and maritime superiority
C) By abandoning their lands and fleeing to Egypt
D) With impressive and well organized military prowess
  • 5. When did the second phase, seeing the creation of the Nabataean political state, take place?
A) Early 4th century BC
B) First century AD
C) Mid-3rd century BC
D) End of the 2nd century BC
  • 6. What factors contributed to the Nabataean institution of kingship?
A) Indispensabilities of trade organization and war
B) Agricultural reforms and maritime trade
C) Religious mandates from Egyptian priests
D) Direct colonization by the Greeks
  • 7. Where was the earliest evidence of Nabataean kingship found?
A) In the Negev desert near Petra
B) In Jerusalem near the temple
C) In the Hauran region, probably Bosra
D) In Alexandria alongside the Nile
  • 8. Who dated the inscription mentioning the nameless Nabataean king to the early 3rd century BC?
A) Hammond
B) Starcky
C) Bowersock
D) Kasher
  • 9. Which characteristically royal Nabataean name is linked to deliveries of grain in the Zenon archive?
A) Malichus
B) Antiochus
C) Rabbel
D) Aretas
  • 10. What text published in 2001 provides an early 3rd century BC reference to a Nabataean monarch and an Arabian cavalry?
A) Zenon archive
B) Second Book of Maccabees
C) First Book of Maccabees
D) Milan Papyrus
  • 11. What is the traditional name of Nabataean kings suggested to fill the gap in the Milan Papyrus?
A) Menelaus
B) Malichus
C) Rabbel
D) Jason
  • 12. Who dated the anonymous Nabataean coins found mainly in Nabataean territory to the second half of the 3rd century BC?
A) Barkay
B) Starcky
C) Strabo
D) Antigonus
  • 13. Whose account states that the Nabataean kingship was old and traditional and derived from 3rd century BC Ptolemaic reports?
A) Josephus
B) Bowersock
C) Strabo
D) Hammond
  • 14. According to Strabo, how was the Nabataean kingdom governed?
A) Through strict military dictatorship
B) Poorly administered by corrupt elites
C) Very well governed
D) As a loose federation of warring tribes
  • 15. According to Strabo, what kind of person was the Nabataean king?
A) An absentee landlord living in Rome
B) A religious high priest detached from society
C) A man of the people
D) A foreign conqueror from Greece
  • 16. For how many centuries did the Nabataean kingdom dominate a large territory politically and commercially?
A) Less than fifty years
B) More than four centuries
C) Nearly ten centuries
D) Exactly one century
  • 17. What characteristic of a Hellenistic state did the Nabataeans lack in their early period?
A) A written legal code
B) A standing navy
C) Standardized coinage
D) Monumental architecture
  • 18. Who is regarded as the first explicitly named king of the Nabataeans?
A) Malichus I
B) Aretas I
C) Rabbel I
D) Antiochus IV
  • 19. In which historical text is Aretas I mentioned as "the tyrant of the Arabs"?
A) First Book of Maccabees
B) Second Book of Maccabees
C) Zenon archive
D) Milan Papyrus
  • 20. Why did the high-priest Jason seek the protection of Aretas I?
A) Seeking funds to rebuild the temple
B) Driven by his rival Menelaus
C) Fleeing from an earthquake in Judea
D) Exiled by the Roman Senate
  • 21. What did Aretas do upon Jason's arrival at the land of the Nabataeans?
A) Imprisoned Jason
B) Gave Jason an army to attack Jerusalem
C) Appointed Jason as high priest
D) Banishment to the desert
  • 22. According to Hammond, why might Aretas have arrested Jason?
A) Because Jason refused to pay taxes
B) To prevent an invasion of Petra by Judea
C) Following direct orders from Ptolemy
D) Hoped to use Jason as a political bargaining counter with the Seleucids
  • 23. What alternative reason is suggested for Jason's arrest by Aretas in 167 BC?
A) Jason attempted to assassinate the Nabataean king
B) Jason stole sacred treasures from a Nabataean temple
C) The Seleucids forced Aretas to capture him
D) Aimed to hand Jason to the Jews due to friendship with Judas Maccabaeus
  • 24. Who described the friendly relationship between the Arab Nabataeans and the neighboring Jewish Maccabees?
A) Starcky
B) Strabo
C) Barkay
D) Josephus
  • 25. How far did Judas Maccabeus and his brother Jonathan march into the wilderness before encountering the Nabataeans?
A) Three days
B) One day
C) Two weeks
D) Seven days
  • 26. What tribe is identified as the attackers of the Maccabean caravan near Madaba?
A) Seleucids
B) Sons of Amrai
C) Ptolemies
D) Nabataeans
  • 27. When did the Nabataeans begin to mint coins, revealing their extensive economic and political independence?
A) 1st century AD
B) 2nd century BC
C) 4th century BC
D) 3rd century BC
  • 28. Which Mediterranean city was Petra counted alongside as a major supreme city to be visited by a notable from Priene?
A) Antioch
B) Alexandria
C) Rome
D) Athens
  • 29. When was the Nabataean Kingdom annexed by the Roman Empire?
A) 85 BC
B) 312 BC
C) 323 BC
D) AD 106
  • 30. What name did the Roman Empire give to the region after annexing it?
A) Mesopotamia
B) Arabia Petraea
C) Syria Phoenicia
D) Idumaea
  • 31. Which hypothesis regarding the Nabataean origin is considered more convincing?
A) Northern Europe
B) The Hejaz area
C) The eastern coast of the peninsula
D) Yemen in the southwest
  • 32. Which ancient civilization's records list a group called 'Nabatu' among rebellious Arab tribes?
A) Roman
B) Egyptian
C) Greek
D) Assyrian
  • 33. Which group dominated the area and likely controlled the frankincense trade before the 4th century BC?
A) The Seleucids
B) The Qedarites
C) The Romans
D) The Ptolemies
  • 34. Which Greek historian provided the first historical reference of significant length to the Nabataeans?
A) Alexander the Great
B) Antigonus I
C) Hieronymus of Cardia
D) Diodorus Siculus
  • 35. Who led the first raid against the Nabataeans ordered by Antigonus?
A) Hieronymus
B) Alexander
C) Athenaeus
D) Demetrius
  • 36. What happened to Athenaeus during the counter-attack by the Nabataeans?
A) He captured Petra
B) He signed a permanent peace treaty
C) He escaped with all his horsemen
D) He was killed
  • 37. Who led Antigonus's second attack against the Nabataeans?
A) Hakor of Egypt
B) Athenaeus
C) Demetrius 'the Besieger'
D) Hieronymus of Cardia
  • 38. How did the Nabataean scouts warn of Demetrius's approaching army?
A) Using smoke signals
B) By sending carrier pigeons
C) By lighting beacon fires at night
D) By shouting across the mountain peaks
  • 39. What valuable commodity from the Dead Sea did Demetrius report to Antigonus?
A) Bitumen
B) Sulfur
C) Salt
D) Petroleum
  • 40. What type of watercraft were used by the 6,000 Arabs who attacked Hieronymus's troops?
A) Papyrus boats
B) Reed rafts
C) Wooden triremes
D) Leather coracles
  • 41. Which dynasty did the Nabataeans become rivals of after the Maccabees?
A) Palmyrene dynasty
B) Sassanid dynasty
C) Judaean Hasmonean dynasty
D) Seleucid dynasty
  • 42. What city was the last stop for spices carried by trade caravans before shipment to European markets?
A) Gaza City
B) Bosra
C) Petra
D) Damascus
  • 43. Which Hasmonean king besieged and occupied Gaza in 96 BC?
A) Alexander Jannaeus
B) Aretas III
C) Antiochus XII
D) Obodas I
  • 44. Which Seleucid king waged war against the Nabataeans during the Battle of Cana in 84 BC?
A) Aretas III
B) Antiochus XII
C) Obodas I
D) Alexander Jannaeus
  • 45. Which Roman commander besieged Petra in 62 BC?
A) Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
B) Trajan
C) Cornelius Palma
D) Pompey
  • 46. Who commanded the military campaign for the Roman annexation of Nabatea?
A) Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
B) Cornelius Palma
C) Pompey
D) Alexander Jannaeus
  • 47. Under which Roman emperor did the local issue of coinage come to an end?
A) Hadrian
B) Alexander Severus
C) Pompey
D) Trajan
  • 48. Which city grew in importance and attracted Arabian trade away from Petra?
A) Aila
B) Bosra
C) Palmyra
D) Gaza
  • 49. Where was the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom located?
A) Leuke Kome
B) Raqmu (Petra)
C) Hegra
D) Bosra
  • 50. Which sea was Leuke Kome located on?
A) Arabian Sea
B) Mediterranean Sea
C) Red Sea
D) Dead Sea
  • 51. What was another name for Hegra?
A) Nitzana
B) Raqmu
C) Mada'in Saleh
D) Elusa
  • 52. Which trade route ran through Mada'in Saleh to Petra?
A) Amber Road
B) Incense Route
C) Silk Road
D) Spice Route
  • 53. What lay to the west of the Nabataean Kingdom?
A) Babylon
B) Ptolemaic Egypt
C) Hasmonean Judea
D) Persia
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