Human evolution - Quiz
Human evolution
  • 1. What family of primates does Homo sapiens belong to?
A) Gibbon family
B) Cercopithecid family
C) Lemur family
D) Hominid family
  • 2. Which of the following traits were gradually developed by humans over their evolutionary history?
A) Photosynthesis, hibernation, and venom production
B) Shell growth, webbed feet, and bioluminescence
C) Flight, echolocation, and tail prehensility
D) Bipedalism, dexterity, and complex language
  • 3. What does the interbreeding between modern humans and archaic humans indicate about human evolution?
A) It happened exclusively in North America.
B) It was weblike rather than linear.
C) It occurred in a strictly straight line.
D) It stopped completely 300,000 years ago.
  • 4. Which scientific disciplines are involved in studying the origins of humans?
A) Physical and evolutionary anthropology, paleontology, and genetics
B) Organic chemistry, metallurgy, and seismology
C) Meteorology, vulcanology, and petrology
D) Astrophysics, marine biology, and quantum mechanics
  • 5. What alternative terms are used for the field studying human origins, besides anthropogeny?
A) Andrology and anthropology
B) Anthropomorphism and philanthropy
C) Archaeology and ethnography
D) Anthropogenesis and anthropogony
  • 6. When did primates diverge from other mammals?
A) About 2 million years ago
B) About 300,000 years ago
C) About 85 million years ago
D) About 15–20 million years ago
  • 7. During which geological period and epoch did the earliest primate fossils appear?
A) Triassic period and Oligocene epoch
B) Late Cretaceous period and Paleocene epoch
C) Jurassic period and Miocene epoch
D) Devonian period and Eocene epoch
  • 8. When did the ape superfamily and the gibbon families diverge from each other?
A) About 85 million years ago
B) Over 55 million years ago
C) Some 15–20 million years ago
D) About 300,000 years ago
  • 9. When did African and Asian hominids diverge?
A) Between 8 and 9 million years ago
B) About 14 million years ago
C) Over 2 million years ago
D) 4–7 million years ago
  • 10. When did hominins part from the Gorillini tribe?
A) About 14 million years ago
B) About 85 million years ago
C) Approximately 300,000 years ago
D) Between 8 and 9 million years ago
  • 11. When did Australopithecine separate from the Pan genus?
A) 24 million years ago
B) 35 million years ago
C) 4–7 million years ago
D) 15–20 million years ago
  • 12. When did the Homo genus appear, evidenced by H. habilis?
A) 55 million years ago
B) 300,000 years ago
C) Over 2 million years ago
D) 85 million years ago
  • 13. Approximately when did anatomically modern humans emerge in Africa?
A) 300,000 years ago
B) 15 million years ago
C) 2 million years ago
D) 85 million years ago
  • 14. How far back can the evolutionary history of primates be traced?
A) 65 million years
B) 300,000 years
C) 2 million years
D) 85 million years
  • 15. Why are the details of the origins and early evolution of primates still largely unknown?
A) Due to scarcity of fossil evidence
B) Because DNA degrades too quickly in mammals
C) Due to a lack of interest among scientists
D) Because primates did not leave any bones
  • 16. Where was Plesiadapis, one of the oldest known primate-like mammal species, found?
A) Northern Africa
B) Italy
C) China
D) North America
  • 17. Where was Archicebus, an early primate species, found?
A) China
B) Spain
C) Namibia
D) North America
  • 18. Where were Altiatlasius and Algeripithecus found?
A) North America
B) Turkey
C) Northern Africa
D) Austria
  • 19. Who theorized that early primates flourished first in Eurasia before migrating south into Africa?
A) Plesiadapis
B) Saadanius
C) David R. Begun
D) Kamoyapithecus
  • 20. Which fossil beds southwest of Cairo provide a complete view of surviving tropical primate populations?
A) Otavipithecus cave
B) Great Rift Valley
C) Faiyum depression
D) Eragaleit beds
  • 21. What are Platyrrhines also known as?
A) Old World monkeys
B) Lemurs
C) New World monkeys
D) Great apes
  • 22. What are Catarrhines also known as?
A) Old World monkeys
B) Bush babies
C) Gibbons
D) New World monkeys
  • 23. What is the earliest known catarrhine?
A) Oreopithecus
B) Plesiadapis
C) Archicebus
D) Kamoyapithecus
  • 24. Where was Kamoyapithecus found and how old is it dated?
A) Italy, 9 million years ago
B) Eragaleit in northern Kenya, 24 million years ago
C) China, 55 million years ago
D) Faiyum depression, 35 million years ago
  • 25. Which Faiyum species are thought to be related to the ancestry of Kamoyapithecus around 35 mya?
A) Pierolapithecus, Dryopithecus, and Oreopithecus
B) Victoriapithecus, Proconsul, and Dendropithecus
C) Sivapithecus, Griphopithecus, and Nacholapithecus
D) Aegyptopithecus, Propliopithecus, and Parapithecus
  • 26. What organism described in 2010 helped fill an 11-million-year gap in the catarrhine fossil record?
A) Plesiadapis
B) Altiatlasius
C) Saadanius
D) Kamoyapithecus
  • 27. What is the tentative age of Saadanius?
A) 300,000 years
B) 9 mya
C) 29–28 mya
D) 85 mya
  • 28. What is Victoriapithecus considered to be?
A) The oldest known lemur from Madagascar
B) The earliest Old World monkey, from 20 million years ago
C) The earliest known hominid from North America
D) A direct ancestor of New World monkeys from 55 mya
  • 29. Which of the following genera are thought to be in the ape lineage up to 13 million years ago in East Africa?
A) Plesiadapis, Archicebus, and Altiatlasius
B) Oreopithecus, Pierolapithecus, and Dryopithecus
C) Saadanius, Kamoyapithecus, and Aegyptopithecus
D) Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, and Kenyapithecus
  • 30. Where was Otavipithecus found?
A) In coal beds in Italy
B) In cave deposits in Namibia
C) In northern China
D) In the Faiyum depression in Egypt
  • 31. Where have fossils of Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus been discovered?
A) France, Spain, and Austria
B) China and Southeast Asia
C) North America and Madagascar
D) Kenya, Namibia, and Egypt
  • 32. What is the youngest of the Miocene hominoids, found in Italian coal beds dated to 9 million years ago?
A) Victoriapithecus
B) Kamoyapithecus
C) Oreopithecus
D) Saadanius
  • 33. According to molecular evidence, when did the lineage of gibbons diverge from great apes?
A) 4–7 million years ago
B) 300,000 years ago
C) 18–12 mya
D) 85 million years ago
  • 34. When did orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverge from the other great apes?
A) About 12 million years ago
B) Between 8 and 9 million years ago
C) About 85 million years ago
D) Over 2 million years ago
  • 35. What fossils may represent proto-orangutans around 10 mya?
A) Plesiadapis from North America and Archicebus from China
B) Oreopithecus from Italy and Otavipithecus from Namibia
C) Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey
D) Altiatlasius and Algeripithecus from Northern Africa
  • 36. When did the Hominidae subfamily Homininae diverge from Ponginae?
A) 55 mya
B) 24 mya
C) 9 mya
D) About 14 mya
  • 37. What fossils found in Kenya may represent species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans?
A) Orrorin tugenensis
B) Sahelanthropus tchadensis
C) Ardipithecus ramidus
D) Nakalipithecus fossils
  • 38. What type of environments did other hominins probably adapt to outside the equatorial belt?
A) High mountain peaks
B) Wet swampy environments
C) Cold tundra environments
D) Drier environments
  • 39. What is the age of the Orrorin tugenensis fossils?
A) 6 Ma
B) 8 Ma
C) 12 Ma
D) 3 Ma
  • 40. What extant species is suggested to be akin to very early hominins in terms of self-domestication?
A) Gorillas
B) Chimpanzees
C) Orangutans
D) Bonobos
  • 41. What is noted as the less aggressive species of the genus Pan?
A) Gorilla gorilla
B) Pan troglodytes
C) Pan paniscus
D) Pongo pygmaeus
  • 42. Which model do authors argue is no longer tenable for early hominin social evolution?
A) The savanna-based bipedalism model
B) The chimpanzee referential model
C) The multiregional evolution model
D) The aquatic ape hypothesis
  • 43. Which species' social and mating behaviors should no longer be used in models of early hominin social evolution according to the study?
A) Pan troglodytes
B) Pan paniscus
C) Ardipithecus ramidus
D) Nakalipithecus
  • 44. What morphological feature is absent in Ar. ramidus?
A) Bipedal foot structure
B) Aggressive canine morphology
C) Large braincase
D) Broad pelvis
  • 45. What do many modern human adaptations represent according to the text's conclusion?
A) Phylogenetically deep traits
B) Artificial selection by early farmers
C) Temporary phenotypic plasticity
D) Recently acquired genetic mutations from Eurasia
  • 46. According to the authors, whose behavior and morphology may have evolved subsequent to the split with the common ancestor shared with humans?
A) Baboons
B) Orangutans
C) Chimpanzees
D) Gorillas
  • 47. What are species like P. robustus and P. boisei considered if they belong to the same genus as australopiths?
A) Early humans
B) Gracile australopiths
C) Archaic chimpanzees
D) Robust australopiths
  • 48. What is the alternative genus name for robust australopiths if they do not belong to Australopithecus?
A) Dryopithecus
B) Kenyanthropus
C) Paranthropus
D) Australopithecus
  • 49. Which of the following is listed as a species of Australopithecus in the text?
A) Australopithecus robustus
B) Australopithecus sediba
C) Australopithecus boisei
D) Australopithecus aethiopicus
  • 50. Which genus is associated with the species K. platyops?
A) Australopithecus
B) Paranthropus
C) Kenyanthropus
D) Pan
  • 51. What is another name for the specimen Australopithecus prometheus?
A) Lucy
B) Ardi
C) Turkana Boy
D) Little Foot
  • 52. What physical feature of Little Foot suggests it was a good climber?
A) Opposable big toe
B) Prehensile tail
C) Long arms
D) Curved spine
  • 53. What is the name of the newly proposed species debated to be either a new species or A. afarensis?
A) Australopithecus garhi
B) Australopithecus deyiremeda
C) Australopithecus prometheus
D) Australopithecus bahrelghazali
  • 54. What term is used for non-robust australopiths?
A) Giant australopiths
B) Gracile australopiths
C) Mega australopiths
D) Robust australopiths
  • 55. What is the earliest documented representative of the genus Homo?
A) Homo sapiens
B) Homo habilis
C) Homo erectus
D) The Ledi jaw
  • 56. Which human gene is suggested to have doubled in early hominins, leading to rapid wiring of the frontal cortex?
A) BRCA1
B) TP53
C) SRGAP2
D) FOXP2
  • 57. What was the cranial capacity of Homo erectus and Homo ergaster?
A) 850 cm3
B) 1250 cm3
C) 1500 cm3
D) 400 cm3
  • 58. According to the recent African origin theory, modern humans possibly evolved from which species?
A) H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis or H. antecessor
B) H. luzonensis only
C) Chimpanzees
D) H. floresiensis only
  • 59. What is the only extant species of the genus Homo?
A) Homo neanderthalensis
B) Homo floresiensis
C) Homo sapiens
D) Homo erectus
  • 60. What theory describes an occasionally passable 'wet' Sahara desert to explain intermittent migration and speciation?
A) The Sahara pump theory
B) The recent African origin theory
C) The Toba catastrophe theory
D) The bottleneck theory
  • 61. Who bestowed the name 'homo habilis'?
A) Franz Weidenreich
B) Eugene Dubois
C) Louis Leakey
D) Richard Wrangham
  • 62. What does the Latin name 'homo habilis' mean?
A) Handy man
B) Tall giant
C) Southern ape
D) Walking man
  • 63. When was the proposed species Homo gautengensis discovered?
A) January 1891
B) December 1940
C) May 2010
D) March 1985
  • 64. Where was Homo georgicus found?
A) Georgia
B) Indonesia
C) China
D) Kenya
  • 65. Who discovered the first fossils of Homo erectus?
A) Franz Weidenreich
B) Eugene Dubois
C) Richard Wrangham
D) Louis Leakey
  • 66. What was Eugene Dubois's original name for his discovered fossil material in 1892–1893?
A) Homo gautengensis
B) Anthropopithecus erectus
C) Australopithecus africanus
D) Sinanthropus pekinensis
  • 67. Who compared Java Man with Peking Man in detail?
A) Eugene Dubois
B) Richard Wrangham
C) Louis Leakey
D) Franz Weidenreich
  • 68. Where are fossils classified strictly as Homo ergaster typically found?
A) Island of Java
B) Non-Asian forms
C) Georgia
D) China
  • 69. What type of tools did African Homo erectus make compared to their predecessors?
A) More elaborate stone tools
B) Wooden bows and arrows
C) Bronze weapons
D) Bone needles
  • 70. What substance may Homo erectus have used to cook meat?
A) Fire
B) Hot water baths
C) Chemical preservatives
D) Steam
  • 71. H. antecessor scapulae were found to be most developmentally similar to which group?
A) Modern humans
B) Neanderthals
C) Troglodytes
D) Chimpanzees
  • 72. H. antecessor cranial bones display features shared with modern humans and what other group?
A) Mauer mandible hominins
B) Eurasian archaic humans
C) Denisovans
D) Chinese Middle Pleistocene hominins
  • 73. According to a 2020 study, whose cranial structure is derivative?
A) Denisovans
B) H. sapiens
C) Neanderthals
D) H. antecessor
  • 74. What physical remain represents H. ceprenensis?
A) A facial structure
B) Two scapulae
C) A mandible jaw
D) A single skull cap
  • 75. Where was the H. ceprenensis skull cap found?
A) Germany
B) Morocco
C) Italy
D) Spain
  • 76. In what year were skull fragments of H. ceprenensis discovered in Italy?
A) 1994
B) 1907
C) 2009
D) 2020
  • 77. Who analyzed the Mauer mandible and attributed it to H. heidelbergensis?
A) Researchers in Casablanca
B) Spanish paleontologists
C) Scientists at Campo Grande
D) Otto Schoetensack
  • 78. In what year was the Mauer mandible discovered?
A) 1907
B) 2020
C) 2009
D) 1994
  • 79. H. heidelbergensis has been debated as an ancestor to which group?
A) H. antecessor
B) Neandertals
C) Chimpanzees
D) Denisovans
  • 80. In what year was a study conducted to reevaluate the Mauer mandible?
A) 2026
B) 2009
C) 1994
D) 1907
  • 81. According to the 2009 reevaluation, H. heidelbergensis was most likely which type of species?
A) Afro-European species
B) Strictly African species
C) Strictly European species
D) Asian species
  • 82. In what year was the Rhodesian Man cranium found?
A) 1921
B) 2010
C) 2006
D) 2008
  • 83. Where was the Rhodesian Man cranium discovered?
A) Ethiopia
B) Siberia
C) Romania
D) Zambia
  • 84. In what month and year was the Gawis cranium found?
A) March 2008
B) December 2016
C) January 1921
D) February 2006
  • 85. Where was the Gawis cranium discovered?
A) Romania
B) Siberia
C) Zambia
D) Ethiopia
  • 86. Neanderthal surface to volume ratio was lower than that of modern which population?
A) Melanesians
B) Eurasians
C) Inuit
D) Africans
  • 87. What part of the Neanderthal anatomy was significantly larger, as shown from brain endocasts?
A) Hearts
B) Hands
C) Feet
D) Brains
  • 88. The larger size of the Neanderthal orbital chamber and occipital lobe suggests better what?
A) Tactile sensitivity
B) Visual acuity
C) Hearing range
D) Olfactory sense
  • 89. Inferring social group size from endocranial volume suggests Neanderthal groups may have been limited to how many individuals?
A) 120
B) 1,000
C) 500
D) 144
  • 90. How many possible relationships were suggested for modern humans regarding group size?
A) 144
B) 60
C) 28
D) 120
  • 91. What percentage of the genome of a 40,000-year-old human skeleton from Romania was Neanderthal?
A) 6%
B) 11%
C) 50%
D) 1% to 4%
  • 92. In what year were archaeologists working at Denisova Cave?
A) 2006
B) 1921
C) 2016
D) 2008
  • 93. Who found that Neanderthal DNA segments may be associated with a higher rate of depression?
A) Stringer
B) Sergi Castellano
C) Corinne Simoneti
D) Dunbar
  • 94. Who reported in 2016 that Siberian Neanderthal genomes show more similarity to modern human genes than European ones?
A) Pearce
B) Sergi Castellano
C) Darwin
D) Corinne Simoneti
  • 95. Studies of a Neanderthal child at which location showed they may have matured more rapidly than Homo sapiens?
A) Gawis
B) Denisova Cave
C) Gibraltar
D) Zambia
  • 96. What is the nickname given to H. floresiensis due to its small size?
A) The islander
B) The hobbit
C) The dwarf
D) The pygmy
  • 97. What evolutionary process is H. floresiensis's small size possibly a result of?
A) Genetic drift
B) Insular dwarfism
C) Natural selection
D) Pathological gigantism
  • 98. When was the main skeleton of H. floresiensis found?
A) 2003
B) 2016
C) 1990
D) 2000
  • 99. What was the estimated height of the living woman?
A) Eighty centimeters
B) One meter
C) One and a half meters
D) Two meters
  • 100. Which Indonesian island was the skeleton found on?
A) Bali
B) Java
C) Flores
D) Sumatra
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