Scottish Agricultural Revolution - Quiz
Scottish Agricultural Revolution
  • 1. In which century did agricultural improvement continue after the 18th century?
A) 19th century
B) 20th century
C) 17th century
D) 18th century
  • 2. Who developed the first working reaping machine in 1828?
A) James Smith
B) Patrick Bell
C) Archibald Grant
D) John Cockburn
  • 3. What agricultural device did Patrick Bell develop in 1828?
A) Ranch-style tractor
B) Working reaping machine
C) Sub-soil drainage plough
D) Linen spinning wheel
  • 4. Who was Patrick Bell's rival in agricultural innovations?
A) Archibald Grant
B) James Smith
C) John Cockburn
D) Duke of Argyll
  • 5. What did James Smith focus on improving?
A) Sheep farming
B) Linen spinning
C) Sub-soil drainage
D) Reaping machines
  • 6. What type of landscape resulted from breaking up the subsoil barrier without disturbing the topsoil?
A) Lowland landscape
B) Volcanic landscape
C) Highland landscape
D) Mountainous landscape
  • 7. Which previously unworkable lands were brought into arable production through sub-soil drainage?
A) Highland carselands
B) Low-lying carselands
C) Steep mountain peaks
D) Rocky uplands
  • 8. What financial state were the Highland lairds in before replacing traditional practices?
A) Extremely wealthy
B) Financially broken
C) Debt-free
D) Financially stable
  • 9. Whose agricultural practices were brought into the Highlands during the Clearances?
A) Lowland
B) Canadian
C) Australian
D) English
  • 10. Which families typified the powerful landowners with enormous sections of Scotland?
A) John Cockburn and Archibald Grant
B) Patrick Bell and James Smith
C) Dukes of Argyll, Atholl, Buccleuch, and Sutherland
D) The crofters of the Highlands
  • 11. Until what year did a handful of powerful families have extensive influence on political affairs in Scotland?
A) 1885
B) 1878
C) 1828
D) 1815
  • 12. As late as what year did 68 families own nearly half the land in Scotland?
A) 1828
B) 1878
C) 1815
D) 1885
  • 13. What fraction of Scottish land did 68 families own as late as 1878?
A) About one quarter
B) Nearly half
C) Nearly all
D) A tiny fraction
  • 14. During which war period was there an agricultural boom that eventually ended?
A) Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
B) The Highland Wars
C) World War I
D) The Clan Conflicts
  • 15. Between which years did the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars boom take place?
A) 1750–1790
B) 1828–1878
C) 1790–1815
D) 1800–1850
  • 16. Why did Highland landlords need cash after the end of the war boom?
A) To build new industrial centres
B) To maintain their position in London society
C) To pay taxes to the Scottish parliament
D) To buy more fishing boats
  • 17. What kind of rents did landlords turn to after the war boom?
A) Crop rents
B) Labor rents
C) Money rents
D) Free rents
  • 18. What traditional relationship did landlords downplay in favor of money rents?
A) Industrial relationship with factory owners
B) Commercial trade agreements with England
C) Patriarchal relationship that historically sustained the clans
D) Political alliances with London society
  • 19. What was a primary use for enclosed lands during the Highland Clearances?
A) Fishing villages
B) Sheep farming
C) Linen manufacturing
D) Cereal crop production
  • 20. What legal protection did year-by-year tenants lack under Scots law during the clearances?
A) Immunity from military service
B) Protection for estate owners
C) Legal protection for year-by-year tenants
D) Rights to own London property
  • 21. Where did people go during the continuous exodus from the land?
A) Strictly to northern Scotland
B) Only to local mountains
C) Exclusively to Edinburgh and Glasgow
D) Cities, England, Canada, America, or Australia
  • 22. What happened to many small settlements during the Lowland and Highland Clearances?
A) Dismantled
B) Turned into universities
C) Converted into castles
D) Expanded significantly
  • 23. Who built new purpose-built villages like Ormiston on the outskirts of ranch-style farms?
A) Patrick Bell
B) John Cockburn
C) James Smith
D) Archibald Grant
  • 24. Who built the new purpose-built village of Monymusk?
A) Patrick Bell
B) Archibald Grant
C) James Smith
D) John Cockburn
  • 25. What was the name of the village built by John Cockburn?
A) Monymusk
B) Ormiston
C) Edinburgh
D) Glasgow
  • 26. What was the name of the village built by Archibald Grant?
A) Sydney
B) Monymusk
C) London
D) Ormiston
  • 27. To which industrial centres did many displaced occupants move?
A) Coastal fishing towns in Australia
B) Highland estates
C) Rural farming communities in Canada
D) Glasgow, Edinburgh, or northern England
  • 28. What did tens of thousands of emigrants find opportunities to do in Canada or the United States?
A) Work as year-by-year tenants for landlords
B) Engage in kelping and linen spinning
C) Serve in London society
D) Own and farm their own land
  • 29. What title was given to many people who remained on very small rented farms in the Highlands?
A) Crofters
B) Dukes
C) Lairds
D) Farmhands
  • 30. What kind of tenure did crofters have on their very small rented farms?
A) Permanent land ownership
B) Year-by-year eviction notices
C) Indefinite tenure
D) No tenure at all
  • 31. What were the small rented farms of crofters used for?
A) To raise various crops and animals
B) To breed sheep on a massive ranch scale
C) To build industrial factories
D) To establish purpose-built villages
  • 32. What was kelping?
A) A type of reaping machine
B) A method of ploughing subsoil
C) A system of money rents
D) An important source of additional revenue for remaining families
  • 33. Besides kelping and fishing, what other activities provided additional revenue for Highland families?
A) Landlord management and sheep shearing
B) Political lobbying in London
C) Spinning of linen and military service
D) Reaping grain and building railways
  • 34. What region's farmland improvements marked the beginning of the agricultural transformation in Scotland?
A) Scottish Lowlands
B) Scottish Highlands
C) Orkney Islands
D) Shetland Islands
  • 35. What was the traditional system of agriculture in Scotland generally called?
A) Feudal strip system
B) Open-field manorial system
C) Enclosure system
D) Runrig system
  • 36. When did the runrig system possibly originate?
A) 19th century
B) Early Roman period
C) Late Middle Ages
D) 17th century
  • 37. What was the basic pre-improvement farming unit in the Highlands called?
A) Baile
B) Rig
C) Fermetoun
D) Runrig
  • 38. What was the basic pre-improvement farming unit in the Lowlands called?
A) Cottar
B) Baile
C) Fermetoun
D) Husbandman
  • 39. How were individual parts of arable land shared out in the run rig system?
A) By lot on a regular basis
B) By government decree
C) By permanent inheritance
D) By auctioning to the highest bidder
  • 40. What did most settlements depend on before the 17th century?
A) Lowland grain surpluses
B) International imports
C) Highland cattle trade
D) What was produced locally
  • 41. What animals were mostly used to pull the ploughs in heavy Scottish soil?
A) Mules
B) Donkeys
C) Horses
D) Oxen
  • 42. Who occupied small portions of land, shared common pasture rights, and participated as hired labour?
A) Free tenants
B) Husbandmen
C) Cottars
D) Lesser landholders
  • 43. Who had rights only to grazing on the farms?
A) Husbandmen
B) Grassmen
C) Cottars
D) Tenant farmers
  • 44. When were three acts of parliament passed that allowed the consolidation of runrigs and division of common land?
A) 1600
B) 1801
C) 1750
D) 1695
  • 45. In what year was the Society of Improvers founded?
A) 1707
B) 1723
C) 1750
D) 1739
  • 46. Approximately how many members did the Society of Improvers have?
A) 1000
B) 500
C) 300
D) 100
  • 47. In the first half of the century, changes were limited to tenanted farms in which region?
A) Ayrshire
B) East Lothian
C) The Borders
D) Central Scotland
  • 48. What substance was put down on the land to improve it?
A) Lime
B) Sand
C) Clay
D) Salt
  • 49. What agricultural method involving crops was introduced?
A) Terrace farming
B) Slash and burn
C) Single-crop farming
D) Crop rotation
  • 50. In what year was the potato introduced to Scotland?
A) 1707
B) 1755
C) 1723
D) 1739
  • 51. Whose diet was greatly improved by the introduction of the potato?
A) Peasantry
B) Nobility
C) Landlords
D) Gentry
  • 52. Which region became a major centre of grain production?
A) The Lothians
B) The Borders
C) East Lothian only
D) Ayrshire
  • 53. Which region became a major centre for cattle breeding?
A) Ayrshire
B) The Lothians
C) East Lothian
D) The Borders
  • 54. Which region became a major centre for sheep farming?
A) Ayrshire
B) The Borders
C) Central Scotland
D) The Lothians
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