Willow - Quiz
Willow
  • 1. What genus do willows belong to?
A) Salix
B) Pinus
C) Quercus
D) Populus
  • 2. Approximately how many species make up the genus Salix?
A) 150
B) 50
C) 350
D) 500
  • 3. How many willow hybrids have been named due to free hybridisation?
A) Under 50
B) Over 160
C) Over 350
D) Exactly 100
  • 4. What is a key ecological trait of willows regarding sunlight?
A) Deep shade intolerant
B) Shade tolerant
C) Darkness dependent
D) Full sun obligate
  • 5. What type of life span do willows typically have?
A) Perennial evergreen
B) Extremely long-lived
C) Short-lived
D) Centuries-old
  • 6. What do willows require to outcompete conifers or large deciduous species?
A) Disturbances
B) Drought conditions
C) Heavy fertilizer
D) Complete isolation
  • 7. How are willow seeds carried?
A) By heavy mammals
B) Underground by ants
C) By wind and water
D) By birds only
  • 8. What are willow seeds like in size?
A) Medium-sized
B) Tiny
C) Large
D) Heavy
  • 9. For how long are willow seeds viable?
A) Only for a few days
B) Several months
C) Decades
D) Up to a year
  • 10. What conditions do willow seeds require to take root?
A) Arid desert soil
B) Freezing temperatures
C) Warm and moist conditions
D) Cold and dry conditions
  • 11. How can willows reproduce vegetatively?
A) From fallen flower petals
B) Only from underground roots
C) From decapitated stumps and branches
D) Exclusively through leaf dropping
  • 12. What do bees make from the nectar produced by willows?
A) Honey
B) Wax
C) Royal jelly
D) Propolis
  • 13. Why are willows especially valued by bees?
A) For their winter shelter
B) Because of their sweet bark
C) For high nectar volume
D) As a source of early pollen
  • 14. Which animal uses willows to build dams?
A) Otters
B) Badgers
C) Muskrats
D) Beavers
  • 15. The larvae of which butterfly use willows as food?
A) Monarch butterfly
B) Painted lady butterfly
C) Mourning cloak butterfly
D) Swallowtail butterfly
  • 16. Which insects are common on willows inhabited by aphids, coming to collect honeydew?
A) Grasshoppers
B) Beetles
C) Ants
D) Caterpillars
  • 17. Besides ants, which other insect sometimes collects aphid honeydew on willows?
A) Wasps
B) Flies
C) Dragonflies
D) Mosquitoes
  • 18. Willow species are hosts to more than how many aphid species?
A) Ten
B) A thousand
C) A hundred
D) Five
  • 19. Which aphid genus is mentioned as hosting on willows?
A) Aphis
B) Eriosoma
C) Myzus
D) Chaitophorus
  • 20. Where do large aphid colonies typically feed on willow plants?
A) Inside the roots
B) On the flower petals
C) On the upper bark
D) On the underside of leaves
  • 21. What is the common name of Corythucha elegans?
A) Willow gall midge
B) Willow lace bug
C) Willow leaf beetle
D) Willow aphid
  • 22. In which family is the willow lace bug classified?
A) Tingidae
B) Pentatomidae
C) Aphididae
D) Cicadellidae
  • 23. In which region is the willow lace bug found on willows?
A) Australia
B) Europe
C) Asia
D) North America
  • 24. What is Rhabdophaga rosaria?
A) An aphid predator
B) A parasitic vine
C) A species of fungal rust
D) A type of gall found on willows
  • 25. What causes rust that damages willow leaves?
A) Bacteria of genus Pseudomonas
B) Viruses of the Potyviridae family
C) Fungi of genus Melampsora
D) Insects of genus Chaitophorus
  • 26. How does rust typically affect the leaves of willows?
A) Turning them entirely black
B) Creating white powdery mildew
C) Covering them with orange spots
D) Causing them to curl inward
  • 27. What did some Native Americans do to allow new willow stands to form?
A) Removed all competing conifers by hand
B) Diverted watercourses to flood fields
C) Allowed wildfires to burn and set fires intentionally
D) Planted seeds in rows near rivers
  • 28. Why were a small number of willow species widely planted in Australia?
A) For commercial timber production
B) To feed local livestock
C) To provide shade for parks
D) As erosion-control measures along watercourses
  • 29. How are willows now regarded in Australia?
A) As endangered plants
B) As protected native species
C) As sacred trees
D) As invasive weeds
  • 30. In which part of Australia do willows occupy extensive areas?
A) Northern Australia
B) Western Australia
C) Central Australia
D) Southern Australia
  • 31. What official designation do willows hold in Australia?
A) Weeds of National Significance
B) Endangered Native Trees
C) Agricultural Pests of Concern
D) Protected Flora of Australia
  • 32. What are many catchment management authorities in Australia doing with willows?
A) Removing and replacing them with native trees
B) Protecting them with fences
C) Fertilizing them to boost growth
D) Pruning them for urban landscaping
  • 33. Almost all natural population studies of willow sex ratios report evidence of what?
A) A complete lack of female plants
B) A female-biased secondary sex ratio
C) A male-biased secondary sex ratio
D) An exactly even sex ratio
  • 34. In several studies, willow sex ratios were associated with environmental conditions such as:
A) Soil pH or nitrogen levels
B) Draught or altitude
C) Pollution or salinity
D) Wind speed or humidity
  • 35. What does the lack of ecological difference between sexes in some Salix species suggest?
A) Environmental conditions have no effect
B) Sex bias could be present from the seed stage
C) Sex is determined entirely by soil moisture
D) Willows change sex as they mature
  • 36. Almost all willows take root very readily from what?
A) Deep taproots
B) Cuttings or broken branches
C) Unfertilized blossoms
D) Fallen leaves
  • 37. Which willow species is an exception to taking root readily from cuttings or broken branches?
A) Crack willow (Salix fragilis)
B) Peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides)
C) Weeping willow (Salix babylonica)
D) White willow (Salix alba)
  • 38. Who begged a twig from a parcel tied with twigs sent from Spain to Lady Suffolk?
A) The poet Alexander Pope
B) Lady Suffolk herself
C) A Spanish botanist
D) An Australian catchment manager
  • 39. According to legend, all of England's weeping willows are descended from a twig sent from where?
A) Italy
B) Spain
C) France
D) Japan
  • 40. How are willows extensively used around the world in cultivation?
A) For indoor houseplants
B) In hedges and landscaping
C) As a primary source of paper
D) For building large ships
  • 41. Which high end shopping district has a long history of cultivating willow?
A) Oxford Street in London
B) Ginza in Tokyo, Japan
C) Champs-Elysees in Paris
D) Fifth Avenue in New York
  • 42. What are the streets of Ginza well known for regarding willows?
A) Being paved with willow wood
B) Having willow-themed cafes
C) Being willow lined
D) Hosting willow festivals
  • 43. What are narrow-leaved shrub species of willow called?
A) Shrublet
B) Osier
C) Sallow
D) Sapling
  • 44. What are broader-leaved species of willow referred to as?
A) Frond
B) Conifer
C) Sallow
D) Osier
  • 45. From which language does the word 'sallow' derive?
A) Old Norse
B) Latin
C) Ancient Greek
D) Old English
  • 46. What is the maximum height the dwarf willow rarely exceeds?
A) 50 centimetres
B) 12 centimetres
C) 20 centimetres
D) 6 centimetres
  • 47. What substance is rich in the watery bark sap of willows?
A) Tannin
B) Salicin
C) Resin
D) Lignin
  • 48. What can easily sprout from aerial parts of the willow plant?
A) Tendrils
B) Thorns
C) Flowers
D) Roots
  • 49. What shape are willow leaves typically?
A) Perfectly round
B) Star-shaped
C) Elongated
D) Square-shaped
  • 50. What type of leaf edges do willow leaves frequently have?
A) Lobed like an oak
B) Smooth and entire
C) Spiny and sharp
D) Serrated
  • 51. Are most willow species deciduous or evergreen?
A) Semi-deciduous
B) Annual
C) Deciduous
D) Evergreen
  • 52. Where are Salix micans and S. australior found?
A) Eastern Mediterranean
B) Western North America
C) Northern Scandinavia
D) Southern South America
  • 53. What covers the willow buds?
A) Multiple overlapping scales
B) A sticky resinous coat
C) A layer of thick fur
D) A single scale
  • 54. How are the veins arranged on willow leaves?
A) Net-veined without a midrib
B) Feather-veined
C) Parallel-veined
D) Palmate-veined
  • 55. What shape are willow leaf petioles?
A) Absent or sessile
B) Swollen and bulbous
C) Short
D) Extremely long
  • 56. What term describes stipules that soon fall off?
A) Caducous
B) Deciduous
C) Persistent
D) Perennial
  • 57. In what season do willows leaf out among the earliest woody plants?
A) Spring
B) Autumn
C) Summer
D) Winter
  • 58. What environmental factor stimulates leafout in willows?
A) Wind velocity
B) Moon phases
C) Soil salinity
D) Air temperature
  • 59. What consecutive daytime high temperature stimulates a willow to put out leaves and flowers?
A) 0 °C (32 °F)
B) 10 °C (50 °F)
C) 30 °C (86 °F)
D) 20 °C (68 °F)
  • 60. In the northern hemisphere, what triggers leaf drop in autumn?
A) Soil freezing
B) Shortening day length
C) Heavy snowfall
D) Increased rainfall
  • 61. What are male and female willow flowers produced as?
A) Corollas
B) Racemes
C) Calyces
D) Catkins
  • 62. What do staminate flowers consist simply of?
A) Styles
B) Stamens
C) Ovaries
D) Ovules
  • 63. What color are anthers in the bud?
A) Pale brown
B) Rose-colored
C) Orange
D) Purple
  • 64. How many cells do anthers have?
A) Two-celled
B) Four-celled
C) One-celled
D) Three-celled
  • 65. How many cells does the ovary have in pistillate flowers?
A) One-celled
B) Three-celled
C) Two-celled
D) Four-celled
  • 66. How many lobes does the style have in pistillate flowers?
A) One-lobed
B) Four-lobed
C) Two-lobed
D) Three-lobed
  • 67. Who originated the scientific use of the genus name Salix in 1753?
A) A Celtic tribe
B) The Romans
C) Modern phylogeneticists
D) Carl Linnaeus
  • 68. What language does the generic name Salix come from?
A) Greek
B) Celtic
C) English
D) Latin
  • 69. In the Celtic language theory, what does 'sal' mean?
A) 'Water'
B) 'Near'
C) 'Tree'
D) 'Spring'
  • 70. In the Celtic language theory, what does 'lis' mean?
A) 'Catkin'
B) 'Near'
C) 'Flower'
D) 'Water'
  • 71. Which country is the Peking willow (Salix babylonica) originally from?
A) China
B) Egypt
C) Greece
D) Japan
  • 72. Which country is the white willow (Salix alba) originally from?
A) America
B) Asia
C) Europe
D) Africa
  • 73. In recent times, Salix has become an important source for what type of production?
A) Rubber production
B) Silk production
C) Paper pulp production
D) Bioenergy production
  • 74. What did Native American tribes use willow shoots to weave?
A) Baskets
B) Mats
C) Nets
D) Hats
  • 75. What did Native American tribes build using willow branches and stems?
A) Fishing weirs
B) Fences
C) Ladders
D) Bridges
  • 76. Which ancient Greek physician wrote about willow properties as a folk medicine in the fifth century BC?
A) Hippocrates
B) Asclepiades
C) Galen
D) Dioscorides
  • 77. In the Sumerian narrative of Gilgameš, Enkidu and the Nether World, what were the seeds of the Haluppu-tree recommended to treat?
A) Headaches
B) Fever
C) Infertility
D) Wounds
  • 78. In the ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, how many remedies mention willow?
A) Ten
B) Five
C) One
D) Three
  • 79. Which Roman author mentioned willow leaves pounded and boiled in vinegar as a treatment for uterine prolapse?
A) Lucretius
B) Aulus Cornelius Celsus
C) Seneca
D) Pliny the Elder
  • 80. In Nicholas Culpeper's book 'The Complete Herbal', what was willow recommended to provoke?
A) Urine
B) Saliva
C) Vomiting
D) Sweat
  • 81. What modern medical treatment does Nicholas Culpeper's remedy of burnt willow bark mixed with vinegar seem to correspond with?
A) Morphine
B) Quinine
C) Salicylic acid
D) Penicillin
  • 82. Who sent a letter to the Royal Society in 1763 describing experiments with powdered white willow bark?
A) Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
B) Thomas John MacLagan
C) Felix Hoffmann
D) Reverend Edward Stone
  • 83. What bark did Edward Stone think white willow bark tasted like?
A) Oak Bark
B) Birch Bark
C) Peruvian Bark
D) Cinnamon Bark
  • 84. What was 'Peruvian Bark' used to treat during Edward Stone's time?
A) Fevers
B) Rheumatism
C) Tuberculosis
D) Wounds
  • 85. Which military forces experimented unsuccessfully with willow as a cure for malaria during the American Civil War?
A) French forces
B) Union forces
C) British forces
D) Confederate forces
  • 86. In Jules Verne's novel 'The Mysterious Island', which character suffered from a fever induced by a bullet wound?
A) Cyrus Smith
B) Pencroff
C) Herbert (Harbert) Brown
D) Gideon Spilett
  • 87. In Jules Verne's novel 'The Mysterious Island', what substance finally saved Herbert from his fever?
A) Powdered willow bark
B) Quinine
C) Aspirin
D) Salicin
  • 88. Which Scottish physician experimented with salicin as a treatment for acute rheumatism in 1876?
A) Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
B) Thomas John MacLagan
C) Edward Stone
D) Felix Hoffmann
  • 89. In what medical journal did Thomas John MacLagan report his successful treatment of acute rheumatism with salicin?
A) New England Journal of Medicine
B) The Lancet
C) Nature
D) The British Medical Journal
  • 90. What form of salicylic acid did German scientists try with less success and more severe side effects?
A) Acetylsalicylic acid
B) Salicin
C) Sodium salicylate
D) Potassium salicylate
  • 91. What discovery in the 1880s gave rise to an 'acetylation' craze among chemists?
A) Penicillin
B) Quinine
C) Salicylic acid
D) Acetanilide
  • 92. Who treated sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time in 1853?
A) Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
B) Thomas John MacLagan
C) Edward Stone
D) Felix Hoffmann
  • 93. In what year did Felix Hoffmann recreate acetylsalicylic acid, which was later found to have an analgesic effect?
A) 1897
B) 1876
C) 1853
D) 1899
  • 94. From which plant was Felix Hoffmann's created acid derived?
A) Salix alba
B) Spiraea plant
C) Haluppu-tree
D) Cinchona tree
  • 95. What name was given to acetylsalicylic acid by Felix Hoffmann's employer, Bayer AG?
A) Aspirin
B) Salicin
C) Salicylate
D) Acetanilide
  • 96. Who reported many uses of willow by Native Americans in the late 1990s?
A) Edward Stone
B) Daniel Moerman
C) Thomas John MacLagan
D) Aulus Cornelius Celsus
  • 97. Who described using the bark and powdered root of white willow in the early 20th century?
A) Maud Grieve
B) Charles Darwin
C) Alexander Fleming
D) Louis Pasteur
  • 98. What did Maud Grieve consider to be the active constituent of white willow?
A) Salicin
B) Phenol
C) Aspirin
D) Tannin
  • 99. Which condition was NOT mentioned by Maud Grieve as a treatment using white willow?
A) Dyspepsia
B) Headaches
C) Worms
D) Dysentery
  • 100. According to the text, what organ does willow-based pain relief avoid damaging compared to aspirin?
A) Stomach
B) Heart
C) Kidneys
D) Liver
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