Mayan languages - Quiz
Mayan languages
  • 1. Where are the Quichean–Mamean languages and dialects spoken?
A) Mexican lowlands
B) Honduran coastal regions
C) Nicaraguan plains
D) Guatemalan highlands
  • 2. How many sub-branches do the Quichean–Mamean languages have?
A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) Two
  • 3. How many subfamilies do the Quichean–Mamean languages have?
A) Four
B) Three
C) Two
D) Five
  • 4. Approximately how many people speak Qʼeqchiʼ?
A) 90,000
B) 1,000,000
C) 800,000
D) 400,000
  • 5. In which department of Guatemala is Qʼeqchiʼ NOT mentioned as being spoken?
A) Alta Verapaz
B) Izabal
C) El Quiché
D) Southern Petén
  • 6. How many Qʼeqchiʼ speakers are there in Belize?
A) 3,000
B) 12,000
C) 85,000
D) 9,000
  • 7. Why is Qʼeqchiʼ spoken in El Salvador?
A) Ancient trade routes
B) Mayan expansion
C) Colonial displacement
D) Recent migrations
  • 8. How many speakers of Qʼeqchiʼ are there in El Salvador?
A) 49,000
B) 12,000
C) 9,000
D) 3,000
  • 9. Where is the Uspantek language native to?
A) Chichicastenango
B) Quetzaltenango
C) Sipacapa
D) Uspantán municipio
  • 10. How many speakers does Uspantek have?
A) 8,000
B) 15,000
C) 3,000
D) 6,000
  • 11. Which Mayan language has the largest number of speakers?
A) Mam
B) Kʼicheʼ
C) Qʼeqchiʼ
D) Kaqchikel
  • 12. Approximately how many people speak Kʼicheʼ?
A) 1,000,000
B) 90,000
C) 800,000
D) 400,000
  • 13. What is the famous Maya mythological document written in Classical Kʼicheʼ called?
A) Rabinal Achi
B) Chilam Balam
C) Codex Maya
D) Popol Vuh
  • 14. What was the economic and ceremonial center of the Kʼicheʼ culture?
A) Qʼumarkaj
B) Chichicastenango
C) Quetzaltenango
D) Uspantán
  • 15. Where is Qʼumarkaj located near?
A) Guatemala City
B) Lake Atitlán
C) San Marcos
D) Santa Cruz del Quiché
  • 16. How many people speak Achi?
A) 85,000
B) 90,000
C) 400,000
D) 15,000
  • 17. In which municipios is Achi spoken?
A) Aguacatán and Tectitán
B) Cubulco and Rabinal
C) Chichicastenango and Quetzaltenango
D) Santa Cruz and Tactic
  • 18. Which department are Cubulco and Rabinal located in?
A) San Marcos
B) Baja Verapaz
C) Huehuetenango
D) El Quiché
  • 19. Who counts Achi as a form of Kʼicheʼ in their classification?
A) Campbell
B) Ethnologue
C) Popol Vuh
D) The Achi Maya
  • 20. Do the Achi Maya regard themselves as Kʼicheʼ?
A) Only in urban areas
B) Yes
C) Only during ceremonies
D) No
  • 21. Approximately how many people speak Kaqchikel?
A) 90,000
B) 800,000
C) 1,000,000
D) 400,000
  • 22. Where does the Kaqchikel-speaking area stretch to?
A) Cuchumatán mountains
B) Northern shore of Lake Atitlán
C) Southern Petén
D) Izabal department
  • 23. Approximately how many speakers does Tzʼutujil have?
A) 49,000
B) 15,000
C) 8,000
D) 90,000
  • 24. Where are Tzʼutujil speakers found?
A) Vicinity of Lake Atitlán
B) Tectitán
C) Sipacapa
D) Guatemala City
  • 25. How many people speak Sakapultek?
A) 20,000
B) 8,000
C) 6,000
D) 15,000
  • 26. How many people speak Sipakapense?
A) 8,000
B) 15,000
C) 6,000
D) 3,000
  • 27. In which municipality is Sipakapense spoken?
A) Tectitán
B) Uspantán
C) Aguacatán
D) Sipacapa
  • 28. Which department is Sipacapa located in?
A) Alta Verapaz
B) San Marcos
C) Huehuetenango
D) El Quiché
  • 29. What is the largest language in the Mamean sub-branch?
A) Mam
B) Awakatek
C) Ixil
D) Tektitek
  • 30. How many people speak Mam?
A) 400,000
B) 800,000
C) 70,000
D) 478,000
  • 31. In which departments is Mam spoken?
A) Izabal and Guatemala
B) San Marcos and Huehuetenango
C) El Quiché and Baja Verapaz
D) Alta Verapaz and Petén
  • 32. How many inhabitants speak Awakatek?
A) 70,000
B) 15,000
C) 20,000
D) 6,000
  • 33. In which municipality is Awakatek spoken?
A) Sipacapa
B) Uspantán
C) Tectitán
D) Aguacatán
  • 34. Which department is Aguacatán located in?
A) Huehuetenango
B) San Marcos
C) Alta Verapaz
D) El Quiché
  • 35. How many people speak Ixil?
A) 70,000
B) 90,000
C) 49,000
D) 85,000
  • 36. In which region is Ixil spoken?
A) Lake Atitlán
B) Ixil Triangle
C) Southern Petén
D) Cuchumatán mountains
  • 37. What is an alternative name for Tektitek?
A) Kekchi
B) Quiché
C) Teko
D) Awakatek
  • 38. How many people speak Tektitek in its primary municipality?
A) Over 6,000
B) Over 1,000
C) Over 70,000
D) Over 20,000
  • 39. In which municipality is Tektitek spoken?
A) Aguacatán
B) Purulhá
C) Sipacapa
D) Tectitán
  • 40. How many Tektitek refugees live in Mexico?
A) 9,000
B) 1,000
C) 12,000
D) 3,000
  • 41. According to the Ethnologue, what is happening to the number of Tektitek speakers?
A) It is becoming extinct
B) It is growing
C) It is staying the same
D) It is declining
  • 42. What do the Poqom languages and Core Quichean constitute together?
A) Uspantek node
B) Quichean–Mamean node
C) Mamean sub-branch
D) Poqom-Kʼichean sub-branch
  • 43. In which municipality of Baja Verapaz is Poqomchiʼ spoken?
A) Rabinal
B) Uspantán
C) Purulhá
D) Cubulco
  • 44. Which municipality in Alta Verapaz is listed along with Santa Cruz Verapaz, Tactic, Tamahú, and Tucurú for Poqomchiʼ?
A) San Cristóbal Verapaz
B) Purulhá
C) Rabinal
D) Cobán
  • 45. Approximately how many people speak Poqomam?
A) 49,000
B) 90,000
C) 8,000
D) 15,000
  • 46. How are Poqomam speakers distributed in Guatemala?
A) Only in Guatemala City
B) A single continuous territory
C) Several small pockets
D) Solely around Lake Atitlán
  • 47. How many languages are in the Mayan family?
A) Forty
B) Twenty
C) Thirty
D) Fifty
  • 48. Which of the following is listed as one of the major Mayan subgroups?
A) Yucatecan
B) Mixtec
C) Zapotec
D) Nahuatl
  • 49. Which subgroup is listed alongside Yucatecan, Chʼolan–Tzeltalan, Qʼanjobʼalan, Mamean, and Kʼichean?
A) Otomian
B) Huastecan
C) Tarascan
D) Totonacan
  • 50. In which country do most Mayan language speakers live?
A) Guatemala
B) Honduras
C) Belize
D) Mexico
  • 51. What percentage of the population in Guatemala speaks a Mayan language, according to estimates?
A) 5%–15%
B) 10%–20%
C) 70%–90%
D) 40%–60%
  • 52. Which scholars think Chʼolan and Qʼanjobalan–Chujean form a separate Western branch?
A) No scholars
B) Some scholars
C) Only Belizean researchers
D) All linguists
  • 53. An alternative proposed classification groups which branch as springing from the Chʼolan–Tzeltalan node?
A) Yucatecan branch
B) Kʼichean branch
C) Mamean branch
D) Huastecan branch
  • 54. What is the most widely spoken Chʼolan language today?
A) Chʼortiʼ
B) Chʼoltiʼ
C) Chontal Maya
D) Chʼol
  • 55. Which Chʼolan language is now endangered and spoken by 30,000 in Guatemala?
A) Chʼortiʼ
B) Chʼol
C) Chontal
D) Chʼoltiʼ
  • 56. Which language is a extinct sister language of Chʼortiʼ?
A) Chʼoltiʼ
B) Chʼol
C) Tojolabʼal
D) Akatek
  • 57. Which language branch is believed to be the most conservative in vocabulary and phonology?
A) Huastecan languages
B) Qʼanjobʼalan languages
C) Tzeltalan languages
D) Chʼolan languages
  • 58. The Chʼolan languages are closely related to the language of inscriptions from which era found in the Central Lowlands?
A) Post-classic era
B) Classic-era
C) Modern era
D) Pre-classic era
  • 59. Which Tzeltalan language has tens of thousands of monolingual speakers?
A) Tzotzil
B) Chuj
C) Tzeltal
D) Chʼol
  • 60. How many people speak Qʼanjobʼal in Guatemala's Huehuetenango department?
A) 77,700
B) 100,000
C) 30,000
D) 55,000
  • 61. What caused a number of Qʼanjobalan speakers to become refugees?
A) An economic depression
B) Genocidal policies during the Civil War
C) Volcanic eruptions
D) A major earthquake
  • 62. What is another name for Jakaltek?
A) Poptiʼ
B) Akatek
C) Chuj
D) Tojolabʼal
  • 63. In which Mexican municipality are Chuj speakers primarily found as refugees?
A) La Trinitaria, Chiapas
B) Huehuetenango
C) San Miguel Acatán
D) Tabasco
  • 64. Where is Tojolabʼal spoken?
A) In Belize
B) In Tabasco
C) In El Salvador
D) In eastern Chiapas
  • 65. In which US state is there a small Qʼanjobʼal population in Tuscarawas County?
A) Florida
B) Ohio
C) California
D) Texas
  • 66. Which US city is mentioned as having a small Qʼanjobʼal population?
A) Los Angeles
B) Houston
C) New York
D) Chicago
  • 67. Which language eclipsed all indigenous languages in Central America during the Spanish colonization?
A) Portuguese
B) Latin
C) English
D) Spanish
  • 68. During which century did Maya archaeology advance, leading to the spread of nationalist and ethnic-pride-based ideologies?
A) The 18th century
B) The 21st century
C) The 20th century
D) The 19th century
  • 69. As ideologies of ethnic pride spread, what did Mayan-speaking peoples begin to develop?
A) A completely unified single language
B) A desire to migrate exclusively to Europe
C) A new writing system based on Spanish
D) A shared ethnic identity as Maya
  • 70. From which postclassical city was the word 'Maya' likely derived?
A) Mayapan
B) Chichen Itza
C) Tikal
D) Palenque
  • 71. What does the broader current meaning of 'Maya' rely on?
A) Citizenship in a single modern nation-state
B) Religious affiliation with colonial institutions
C) Exclusively political boundaries established by Spain
D) Linguistic relationships, ethnic, or cultural traits
  • 72. What has been fundamental in defining the boundaries of Maya kinship?
A) Currency
B) Crops
C) Language
D) Architecture
  • 73. According to Fabri, why is the term Maya problematic?
A) It refers only to people living outside the Yucatán Peninsula
B) It is no longer used by any modern scholars
C) Maya peoples do not constitute a homogeneous identity
D) It is an ancient Spanish word with no indigenous roots
  • 74. How many distinct Mayan languages does the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (ALMG) find?
A) Ten
B) Twenty-one
C) Five
D) Fifty
  • 75. What kind of distinction did scholars make in the past between Amerindian 'dialects' and European 'languages'?
A) A distinction based purely on the number of speakers
B) A classification based on writing systems
C) A scientifically accurate and neutral linguistic distinction
D) A spurious distinction with racialist overtones
  • 76. In what year was the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (ALMG) founded?
A) 2025
B) 1996
C) 1500
D) 1986
  • 77. Who founded the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (ALMG)?
A) European archaeologists
B) United States immigration judges
C) Maya organisations
D) The Spanish colonial government
  • 78. Following which event did the ALMG gain growing recognition as a regulatory authority?
A) The Spanish colonization of Central America
B) The founding of the San Francisco East Bay
C) The invention of the postclassical city of Mayapan
D) The 1996 peace accords
  • 79. Which language branch was located in the north during the Classic period?
A) Eastern Chʼolan
B) Proto-Chʼolan
C) Classic Chʼoltiʼan
D) Proto-Yucatecan
  • 80. Where are Mayan languages spoken?
A) North America
B) Mesoamerica
C) South America
D) Europe
  • 81. What is the ancestor language of contemporary Mayan languages?
A) Mixe-Zoque
B) Classic Maya
C) Proto-Mayan
D) Olmec
  • 82. What method was used to partially reconstruct the proto-Mayan language?
A) The phonetic method
B) The historical transcription method
C) The structural derivation method
D) The comparative method
  • 83. What do all Mayan languages use instead of adpositions to indicate spatial relationships?
A) Auxiliary verbs
B) Prepositions
C) Relational nouns
D) Suffixes
  • 84. What grammatical feature is found in the treatment of verbs and their subjects and objects in Mayan languages?
A) Noun incorporation
B) Nominative-accusative alignment
C) Ergativity
D) Tonal inflection
  • 85. What is the name of the special word class typical of all Mayan languages?
A) Locatives
B) Clitics
C) Positionals
D) Demonstratives
  • 86. During which historical era were some Mayan languages written in Maya script?
A) Pre-Columbian era
B) Archaic period
C) Colonial era
D) Post-Conquest era
  • 87. Who published the earliest proposal identifying the Chiapas-Guatemalan highlands as the cradle of Mayan languages in 1912?
A) Lyle Campbell
B) John Justeson
C) Karl Sapper
D) Terrence Kaufman
  • 88. According to Campbell and Kaufman, when did the first division of the Mayan language family occur?
A) Around 2200 BC
B) Around 500 AD
C) Around 3000 BC
D) Around 1000 BC
  • 89. What civilization might have dominated the early Maya based on Mixe-Zoquean loanwords?
A) Olmec
B) Toltec
C) Aztec
D) Zapotec
  • 90. What type of script was used for rich post-Conquest literature in Mayan languages?
A) Maya script
B) Cyrillic script
C) Greek script
D) Latin script
  • 91. Who included Mayan in the highly controversial Amerind hypothesis?
A) Joseph Greenberg
B) Noam Chomsky
C) David Mora-Marin
D) Lyle Campbell
  • 92. According to Lyle Campbell's 1997 writing, what was considered the most promising proposal to link Mayan?
A) The Hokan hypothesis
B) The Siouan hypothesis
C) The Penutian hypothesis
D) The Macro-Mayan hypothesis
  • 93. Whose recent evidence in 2015 made the link between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages more plausible?
A) An anonymous Mesoamerican scholar
B) Joseph Greenberg
C) David Mora-Marin
D) Lyle Campbell
  • 94. Where are most Mopan speakers primarily located?
A) Belize
B) Honduras
C) Guatemala
D) Mexico
  • 95. What is another name for Lacandón?
A) Itzaʼ
B) Chicomuceltec
C) Lakantum
D) Wastek
  • 96. What is noted as the most divergent of modern Mayan languages?
A) Yucatec Maya
B) Mopan
C) Wastek
D) Itzaʼ
  • 97. What language was related to Wastek and spoken in Chiapas?
A) Jakaltek
B) Chicomuceltec
C) Lakantum
D) Uspantek
  • 98. What was the predominant syllable structure of Proto-Mayan?
A) CVC
B) CCV
C) VCV
D) CVCC
  • 99. Where were consonant clusters only allowed in Proto-Mayan?
A) At the ends of words only
B) Anywhere within a syllable
C) Across syllable boundaries
D) At the beginning of words only
  • 100. What was the typical structure of most Proto-Mayan roots?
A) Monosyllabic
B) Disyllabic
C) Trisyllabic
D) Polysyllabic
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