Permian–Triassic extinction event - Quiz
A) Around 443 million years ago, marking the boundary between the Ordovician and Silurian periods. B) Around 252.2 million years ago, marking the boundary between the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. C) Around 65 million years ago, marking the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. D) Around 251.902 million years ago, marking the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods.
A) 70% B) 95% C) 50% D) 81%
A) The Deccan Traps B) The Columbia River Basalt Group C) The Yellowstone Caldera D) The Siberian Traps
A) From around 350 ppm to 2,000 ppm B) From around 400 ppm to 2,500 ppm C) From around 500 ppm to 3,000 ppm D) From around 280 ppm to 1,500 ppm
A) 10 million years B) 1 million years C) 60 ± 48 thousand years D) 100,000 years
A) An increase of 2–4% B) A decrease of 10–15% C) A large, abrupt global decrease of 4–7% D) An increase of 5–10%
A) 5 °C (9 °F) B) 8 °C (14 °F) C) 15 °C (27 °F) D) 10 °C (18 °F)
A) A decrease in plant spores B) A decrease in fungal spores C) A 'fungal spike' in abundance D) An increase in algal fossils
A) Whether they were caused by the same factors B) Whether they occurred before or after the event C) Whether they were synchronous or asynchronous D) Whether they were more severe in marine environments
A) A mass extinction during the Triassic period B) A minor extinction event with no significant impact C) A mass extinction in the late Permian that closely preceded the Permian–Triassic event D) A mass extinction during the Jurassic period
A) Two distinct pulses B) Five distinct pulses C) A single, continuous extinction event D) One to three distinct pulses
A) It marks the beginning of the Mesozoic era B) It indicates the end of the Paleozoic era C) It is used to date the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary D) It is used to delineate the Permian-Triassic boundary
A) 10,000 years B) Approximately 500,000 years C) 1 million years D) 100,000 years
A) A single, sharp extinction peak B) Lack of fossil evidence C) Statistical analyses of fossiliferous strata and studies of different sections D) Uniform fossil records across all regions
A) Increased solar activity B) Destruction of the ozone layer C) Methane emissions D) Volcanic ash clouds
A) It indicates the presence of volcanic activity B) It measures the oxygen levels in ancient oceans C) It measures the temperature changes during the event D) It helps identify the extinction boundary in rocks unsuitable for radiometric dating
A) Whether it represents a true increase in fungi or a different phenomenon B) Whether it marks the beginning of the Triassic period C) Whether it indicates a decrease in plant life D) Whether it is found worldwide
A) 5,000 to 10,000 gigatonnes B) 1,000 to 5,000 gigatonnes C) Approximately 3,900 to 12,000 gigatonnes D) 20,000 to 30,000 gigatonnes
A) They measure the oxygen levels in ancient oceans B) They are used to identify the boundary in rocks unsuitable for radiometric dating C) They indicate the presence of volcanic activity D) They indicate the presence of algal fossils
A) Whether it occurred before or after the Capitanian extinction B) Whether it was caused by volcanic activity or an extraterrestrial impact C) Whether it affected marine or terrestrial species more D) Whether it was a single, sharp peak or spread out over millions of years
A) It indicates the presence of volcanic activity B) It coincides with the extinction and is used to identify the boundary in unsuitable rocks C) It measures the oxygen levels in ancient oceans D) It measures the temperature changes during the event
A) It had no significant impact on the Permian–Triassic event B) It occurred during the Triassic period C) It occurred after the Permian–Triassic event D) It closely preceded the Permian–Triassic event and may have contributed to its severity
A) Crinoids B) Articulate brachiopods C) Conodonts D) Ceratitida order of ammonites
A) Bivalves B) Cnidarians C) Bryozoans D) Brachiopods
A) The Brobdingnag effect B) The Darwin effect C) The Lilliput effect D) The Wallace effect
A) Cosmopolitan taxa B) Articulate brachiopods C) Crinoids D) Bivalve taxa
A) Lamniform sharks B) Squaliform sharks C) Carcharhiniform sharks D) Cladodontomorph sharks
A) Deep-water sponges B) Bryozoans C) Crinoids D) Shallow-water sponges
A) Deep-water sponges B) Bryozoans C) Shallow-water sponges D) Crinoids
A) 75% B) 91% C) 100% D) 50%
A) Conodonts B) Ammonoids C) Bivalves D) Brachiopods
A) Foraminifera B) Bryozoans C) Ostracods D) Crinoids
A) 50% B) 25% C) 75% D) 100%
A) Foraminifera B) Ammonoids C) Crinoids D) Bryozoans
A) Bryozoans B) Foraminifera C) Crinoids D) Brachiopods
A) Lagenida B) Fusulinida C) Textulariina D) Miliolida
A) Textulariina B) Lagenida C) Miliolida D) Fusulinida
A) Miliolida B) Textulariina C) Lagenida D) Fusulinida
A) Dipteroids B) Lepidopteroids C) Palaeodictyopteroids D) Coleopteroids
A) Glossopteris B) Gigantopteris C) Cordaites D) Lycopodiophyta
A) East Greenland B) North China C) Jordan D) Australia
A) Smaller herbaceous plants B) Ferns C) Mosses D) Large coniferous trees
A) Gigantopteris B) Lycopodiophyta C) Cordaites D) Glossopteris
A) Catastrophic B) Insignificant C) Severe D) Moderate
A) Gigantopteris B) Lycopodiophyta C) Glossopteris D) Cordaites
A) Angiosperms B) Gymnosperms C) Ferns D) Mosses
A) No change B) Minor adjustment C) Gradual evolution D) Massive rearrangement
A) Superficial B) Severe C) Moderate D) Negligible
A) Lycopodiophyta B) Glossopteris C) Cordaites D) Gigantopterid
A) Lycopodiophyta B) Glossopteris C) Conifer flora D) Gigantopteris
A) Anapsid reptiles B) Procolophonids C) Pelycosaurs D) Gorgonopsians
A) Brachiopods B) Marine vertebrates C) Bivalves D) Crinoids
A) Ammonoids B) Crinoids C) Bivalves D) Bryozoans
A) Xiphosurans B) Bivalves C) Crinoids D) Bryozoans
A) Widespread anoxia B) High levels of volcanic activity C) Rapid climate cooling D) Increased predation pressure
A) Coral reefs B) Wave-dominated shoreface settings (WDSS) C) Mangrove forests D) Deep-sea hydrothermal vents
A) Rapid climate cooling B) Recurrent environmental calamities C) High volcanic activity D) Increased predation pressure
A) Scleractinian corals B) Bryozoans C) Brachiopods D) Crinoids
A) Crinoids B) Bryozoans C) Sponges D) Tubiphytes
A) Bryozoan reefs B) Crinoid reefs C) Metazoan reefs D) Microbial reefs
A) Microbial reefs B) Metazoan reefs C) Bryozoan reefs D) Crinoid reefs
A) Bryozoan reefs B) Metazoan reefs C) Microbial reefs D) Crinoid reefs
A) Pteridosperms B) Lycophytes C) Cycadophytes D) Pteridophytes
A) Prevalence of bennettitaleans and cycads B) Abundance of Dicroidium flora C) Dominance of cavate trilete spores D) Endosporites papillatus–Pinuspollenites thoracatus assemblages
A) A shift towards dominance by pteridophytes B) A shift towards dominance by gymnosperms C) A shift towards assemblages dominated by cavate trilete spores D) A shift towards dominance by lycophytes
A) Paleocommunities recovery B) Global cooling C) Massive die-offs of lycophytes D) Increased volcanic activity
A) Coal gap B) Sediment gap C) Fossil gap D) Extinction gap
A) Increased oxygen levels B) Decreased rainfall C) Decreased carbon dioxide levels D) Increased sunlight
A) A tropical climate B) A desert climate C) A temperate climate D) A cold climate
A) Some mammals B) Some temnospondyls C) Some reptiles D) Some dinosaurs
A) South-central Pangaea B) East-central Pangaea C) North-central Pangaea D) West-central Pangaea
A) South China B) East China C) West China D) North China
A) 15 Myr B) 20 Myr C) 5 Myr D) 10 Myr
A) About 10 Myr B) About 15 Myr C) About 20 Myr D) About 5 Myr
A) Mineral evidence B) Coprolitic evidence C) Sedimentary rock evidence D) Fossilized plant evidence
A) At least ten B) At least four C) At least six D) At least eight
A) Herbivores B) Decomposers C) Invertebrate predators D) Vertebrate predators
A) Geochemical evidence B) Biological evidence C) Geological evidence D) Paleontological evidence
A) More variability B) Less provincialism C) More heterogeneity D) More provincialism
A) 50% B) 70% C) 90% D) 30%
A) A climatic indicator B) A geological marker C) A biological indicator D) A biostratigraphic marker
A) Extremely fast growth rate B) Slow growth rate C) Small size D) Camouflage
A) Australia B) Antarctica C) Africa D) Asia
A) Cynodont therapsids B) Synapsids C) Therapsids D) Anapsids
A) Climbing B) Swimming C) Burrowing D) Flying
A) Dipnoans B) Temnospondyls C) Sauropsids D) Archosaurs
A) Feathers B) Fur C) Scales D) Gills
A) Archosaurs B) Tupilakosaurids C) Therapsids D) Dipnoans
A) Ceratodontiform lungfishes B) Miomoptera C) Protorthoptera D) Glosselytrodea
A) Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) B) Temnospondyls C) Insect fossils D) Archosaurs
A) Nitrogen B) Oxygen C) Helium D) Hydrochloric acid
A) Increased oxygen levels B) No significant consequence C) Decrease in mercury levels D) Mercury poisoning
A) Large igneous province activity B) Cinder cone volcanism C) Subduction-zone volcanism D) Hotspot volcanism
A) The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami B) The 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster C) The 1986 Lake Nyos disaster D) The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill
A) Methane clathrate gasification B) Oxidation of shallow marine sediments C) Reduction in organic activity D) Volcanic eruptions
A) Eruptions massively larger than any found B) Eruptions slightly larger than any found C) Eruptions of the same size as any found D) Eruptions smaller than any found
A) Methane from wetlands B) Carbon monoxide from wildfires C) Methane from clathrates D) Volcanic carbon dioxide
A) Rugose and tabulate corals. B) Calcareous sponges. C) Close relatives without calcareous hard parts, such as sea anemones. D) Echinoderms.
A) A normal aragonite sea. B) A dolomite sea. C) A calcite sea. D) An extreme aragonite sea.
A) Iron anomalies. B) Carbonate anomalies. C) Hopane anomalies. D) Silica anomalies. |
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