Anti-authoritarianism - Quiz
  • 1. In which decade did Erich Fromm begin investigating authoritarian and anti-authoritarian sentiments?
A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1930s
D) 1920s
  • 2. Which German sociologist began investigating authoritarian and anti-authoritarian sentiments in the Weimar Republic?
A) Theodor W. Adorno
B) Erich Fromm
C) Jose Meloen
D) Benjamin Spock
  • 3. When did Fromm's Frankfurt School begin developing an interest in resistance to authority?
A) 1920s
B) 1950s
C) 1930s
D) 1970s
  • 4. Through the lens of what political concept did the Frankfurt School initially consider resistance to authority in the 1930s?
A) Revolutionary politics
B) Laissez-faire parenting
C) Bourgeois democracy
D) Fascist ideology
  • 5. Who published the book The Authoritarian Personality in 1950?
A) Erich Fromm
B) Theodor W. Adorno
C) Jose Meloen
D) Benjamin Spock
  • 6. According to Adorno's study, what were anti-authoritarian individuals referred to as?
A) High-scorers
B) Totalitarians
C) Autocrats
D) Low-scorers
  • 7. Which of the following are anti-authoritarian 'low-scorers' opposed to?
A) Individual autonomy and critical thinking
B) Hierarchy, injustice, autocracy and totalitarianism
C) Laissez-faire parenting approaches
D) Conscientious objection and protests
  • 8. How many broad types did Adorno categorise anti-authoritarians into?
A) Six
B) Three
C) Five
D) Four
  • 9. Which anti-authoritarian type displayed a strong sense of autonomy, critical thinking capacity, and moral courage?
A) Rigid low-scorers
B) Impulsive low-scorers
C) Protesting low-scorers
D) Genuine liberal
  • 10. Which anti-authoritarian type had a dogmatic and superficial understanding of left-wing politics?
A) Genuine liberal
B) Easygoing low-scorers
C) Rigid low-scorers
D) Impulsive low-scorers
  • 11. Which anti-authoritarian type rarely took action in accordance with their ideas due to psychological problems?
A) Impulsive low-scorers
B) Genuine liberal
C) Protesting low-scorers
D) Rigid low-scorers
  • 12. Which anti-authoritarian type was unable to maintain a stable political ideology?
A) Easygoing low-scorers
B) Impulsive low-scorers
C) Rigid low-scorers
D) Protesting low-scorers
  • 13. Which anti-authoritarian type preferred to focus on improving their individual situation rather than participating in social action?
A) Impulsive low-scorers
B) Genuine liberal
C) Protesting low-scorers
D) Easygoing low-scorers
  • 14. Who used the term 'anti-authoritarianism' to describe a laissez-faire approach to parenting?
A) Jose Meloen
B) Erich Fromm
C) Theodor W. Adorno
D) Benjamin Spock
  • 15. Which psychologists conducted a 1972 study finding that agreement with anti-authoritarian statements was negatively correlated with socioeconomic status?
A) Theodor W. Adorno and colleagues
B) J. Martin and J. Ray
C) Erich Fromm and Frankfurt School members
D) Jose Meloen and colleagues
  • 16. According to the 1972 study by J. Martin and J. Ray, agreement with anti-authoritarian statements was positively correlated with indicators of what?
A) Conservative politics
B) Neuroticism
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Higher education
  • 17. Which South African psychologist conducted a 1991 study on anti-authoritarian activism and education levels?
A) Jose Meloen
B) Benjamin Spock
C) J. Ray
D) Theodor W. Adorno
  • 18. According to Jose Meloen's 1991 study, how many times more likely were anti-authoritarians than authoritarians to engage in activism?
A) Two times
B) Five times
C) Nine times
D) Twenty times
  • 19. According to Jose Meloen's 1991 study, higher levels of education correlated with what?
A) Higher levels of neuroticism
B) Increased socioeconomic status only
C) Higher degrees of anti-authoritarianism
D) Lower degrees of anti-authoritarianism
  • 20. What did Meloen find regarding authoritarian engagement in anti-authoritarian behaviour?
A) It matched the activism levels of genuine liberals
B) It was inconsistent and often isolated to individual situations
C) It was completely non-existent
D) It was consistent and widespread
  • 21. What strong sense of anti-authoritarianism emerged in Europe after World War II?
A) Anti-fascism
B) Anti-capitalism
C) Anti-globalism
D) Anti-imperialism
  • 22. What two factors were attributed to the strong post-WWII sense of anti-authoritarianism in Europe?
A) Active resistance from occupation and fears arising from superpower development
B) Left-wing dogmatism and psychological problems
C) Laissez-faire parenting and high socioeconomic status
D) The rise of the Beat Generation and Vietnam War protests
  • 23. Anti-authoritarianism has been associated with countercultural and what other type of movements?
A) Mainstream political parties
B) Bohemian movements
C) Authoritarian regimes
D) Industrial worker unions
  • 24. Which politically radical group in the 1950s had anti-authoritarian attitudes taken up by 1960s activists?
A) The Weimar Republic workers
B) The Frankfurt School
C) The Beat Generation
D) The Hong Kong protesters
  • 25. Opposition to United States involvement in which war was largely led by anti-authoritarians?
A) The Cold War
B) The Vietnam War
C) World War I
D) World War II
  • 26. In addition to participating in anti-war protests, how else did anti-authoritarians largely oppose US involvement in the Vietnam War?
A) Laissez-faire parenting
B) Extradition bills
C) Conscientious objection
D) Socioeconomic status reduction
  • 27. Following what event in 1997 did an anti-authoritarian movement grow in Hong Kong?
A) The Vietnam War
B) The handover of Hong Kong
C) The publication of The Authoritarian Personality
D) The end of World War II
  • 28. The anti-authoritarian movement in Hong Kong grew in response to the increasing power of the government of which country over the region?
A) China
B) Germany
C) United States
D) South Africa
  • 29. What protests culminated the anti-authoritarian movement in Hong Kong during 2019–2020?
A) Protests against United States involvement in wars
B) Protests against a proposed extradition bill
C) Protests against laissez-faire parenting
D) Protests against industrial working conditions
  • 30. What was the eventual outcome of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests against the extradition bill?
A) The Beat Generation took over leadership
B) The bill was forced to be withdrawn
C) The government increased its power without resistance
D) The bill was passed unanimously
  • 31. What do anti-authoritarians typically believe in regarding the law?
A) Lawlessness and chaos
B) Immunity for government officials
C) Full equality before the law
D) Judicial supremacy over the state
  • 32. With which ideology is the term anti-authoritarianism sometimes used interchangeably?
A) Capitalism
B) Anarchism
C) Totalitarianism
D) Technocracy
  • 33. What does analytic philosophy allow the reader to do regarding an author's argument?
A) Censor the author's work
B) Reject any philosophical argument made by the author
C) Accept all statements as infallible truth
D) Deffer completely to the author's superior education
  • 34. When an analytic reader disagrees with an author, how are they entitled to regard the author?
A) As malicious
B) As mistaken
C) As an unquestionable authority
D) As a legal criminal
  • 35. What kind of society do anarchists seek to establish in place of existing institutions?
A) A heavily policed democratic republic
B) A non-coercive or non-authoritarian society
C) An absolute monarchy
D) A centrally planned technocratic society
  • 36. How do anarchists view authority in terms of moral legitimacy?
A) As essential for moral survival
B) As morally superior to individuals
C) As divinely inspired
D) As lacking in moral legitimacy
  • 37. What French anarchist summed up the revolutionary goal of anarchism to be 'no more authority'?
A) Sébastien Faure
B) Errico Malatesta
C) Mikhail Bakunin
D) Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
  • 38. Who claimed that everyone who fights against authority is an anarchist?
A) Sébastien Faure
B) Hal Draper
C) Mikhail Bakunin
D) Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
  • 39. How did Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta define anarchy?
A) The rule of the strongest individual
B) A state governed by scientific experts
C) The complete destruction of human relations
D) A society organised without authority
  • 40. Which Russian anarchist accepted the methodological authority of science while rejecting political authority?
A) Mikhail Bakunin
B) Friedrich Engels
C) Saul Newman
D) Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
  • 41. What did Mikhail Bakunin consider to be the 'sole legitimate authority'?
A) Science
B) The state
C) The church
D) Parents
  • 42. What 1872 essay by Friedrich Engels condemned anarchist anti-authoritarianism?
A) On Authority
B) Mutual Aid
C) The State and Revolution
D) God and the State
  • 43. Whose authority did Friedrich Engels present a justification for in his 1872 essay?
A) A technocracy
B) The individual sovereign
C) Religious clergy
D) An absolute monarch
  • 44. Which American Marxist criticized the anti-authoritarianism of individualist anarchism?
A) Richard T. De George
B) John C. Clark
C) Hal Draper
D) Saul Newman
  • 45. What motivates pragmatist anti-authoritarians according to the text?
A) Constructing a better future for humanity through fraternal cooperation
B) Adhering to the morality of a non-human higher power
C) Enforcing strict regulations through an external authority figure
D) Establishing absolute objectivity through paternalism
  • 46. How are anti-authoritarian ethics developed according to pragmatism?
A) Through strict governmental regulation
B) Through the decrees of a higher power
C) Through biological evolution
D) Through cultural inheritance
  • 47. What does an anti-authoritarian epistemology prioritise?
A) Intersubjectivity
B) Divine revelation
C) Absolute individualism
D) Supposed objectivity
  • 48. Which American philosopher developed an anti-authoritarian philosophy in reaction against his religious education?
A) Charles Sanders Peirce
B) William James
C) John Dewey
D) Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • 49. How did John Dewey believe humans should regulate themselves?
A) Through the desires of authority figures
B) Through strict paternalistic rules
C) Through democratic cooperation with others
D) Through obedience to a non-human higher power
  • 50. What did John Dewey believe authority ought to be replaced with?
A) Regulation
B) Obligation
C) Paternalism
D) Fraternity
  • 51. How were modern technology and liberal democracy established, according to Dewey?
A) Through authoritarian obligation
B) Through religious paternalism
C) Through fraternal cooperation
D) Through a non-human higher power
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