A) Air humidity B) The initial momentum from the eruption C) Particle agglomeration D) Prevailing winds
A) When the ash particles are fully dispersed B) When the bulk density of the column is the same as the surrounding atmosphere C) When the eruption stops D) When the column reaches the stratosphere
A) Prevailing winds B) Ash particle size C) Eruption column height D) Particle density
A) Eruption columns B) Accretionary lapilli C) Co-ignimbrite plumes D) Magmatic eruption plumes
A) Wind direction B) Elutriation of smaller particles C) Air humidity D) Particle agglomeration
A) Long-term and chronic B) Immediate and severe C) No effect D) Usually short-term and mild
A) Bronchitis B) Silicosis C) Pneumonia D) Asthma
A) Desert areas B) Rural areas C) Mountainous regions D) Urban areas with high population densities
A) High wind speeds B) A few millimetres or centimetres of volcanic ash C) Heavy rainfall D) Earthquakes
A) Only ash fall thickness B) Only grain size and chemistry C) Only preparedness measures D) Ash fall thickness, grain size, chemistry, moisture, duration, and mitigation measures
A) No impact on infrastructure B) Immediate recovery of services C) Only minor disruptions D) Multiple knock-on effects disrupting various sectors and services
A) Co-ignimbrite plumes are less dense B) Magmatic eruption plumes contain more coarse particles C) Co-ignimbrite plumes have higher concentrations of fine ash particles D) Magmatic eruption plumes are formed by pyroclastic density currents
A) Seconds to minutes B) Months to years C) Minutes to hours D) Days to weeks
A) Terrestrial animals B) Marine life C) The aviation industry D) Aquatic plants
A) Ocean currents B) Local weather patterns C) Global climate D) Soil fertility
A) Gas particles B) Accretionary lapilli C) Coarse particles D) Fine particles
A) The result of particle agglomeration within the column B) A type of lava flow C) A type of volcanic rock D) A type of volcanic gas
A) It remains constant B) It becomes less concentrated C) It becomes more concentrated D) It disappears completely
A) It decreases exponentially B) It increases exponentially C) It remains constant D) It fluctuates randomly
A) Decreased risk of volcanic eruptions B) Reduced need for evacuation plans C) Increased human exposure to volcanic ash fall events D) Improved infrastructure resilience
A) Increased tourism B) Higher agricultural yields C) Business disruption and insured losses D) Reduced transportation costs
A) Ignoring the ash fall B) Increasing population density C) Reducing wind speed D) Preparedness, management, and prevention measures
A) No impact B) Disruption C) Enhancement D) Improvement
A) ~7 B) ~3 C) ~2 D) ~5
A) 10 mm B) 1 mm C) 5 mm D) 2 mm
A) Rhyolitic B) Andesitic C) Basaltic D) Dacitic
A) Phreatic eruptions B) Effusive eruptions C) Basaltic eruptions D) Silicic explosive eruptions
A) Crystallization B) Solidification C) Communition D) Fusion
A) Above the summit crater B) At the summit crater C) Well below the summit crater D) At the surface
A) 2 mm B) 1 μm C) 5 μm D) 10 μm
A) Greater than 69% B) Less than 45% C) Between 55 and 69% D) Approximately 45–55%
A) Chloride salts B) Fluoride salts C) Sulfate salts D) Carbonate salts
A) Volcanic ash B) Pumice C) Tephra D) Magma
A) Boiling effect B) Condensation effect C) Leidenfrost effect D) Sublimation effect
A) Fishing B) Agriculture C) Tourism D) Mining
A) Hawaiian lava fountains B) Phreatic eruptions C) Rhyolite eruptions D) Strombolian basaltic eruptions
A) They are the primary determinants B) They are the sole determinants C) They have no role D) They play only a minor role
A) World Health Organization B) International Agency for Research on Cancer C) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention D) National Institutes of Health
A) 75 μg/m3 B) 100 μg/m3 C) 50 μg/m3 D) 25 μg/m3
A) Yes, in occupational settings only B) Yes, but only a few cases C) No D) Yes, many cases
A) Short-term studies B) Long-term studies C) Laboratory studies D) Animal studies
A) Natural abortions B) Increased wool production C) Improved grazing habits D) Resistance to ash ingestion
A) Enhanced wool quality B) Gastrointestinal blockages C) Increased resistance to disease D) Improved digestion
A) Reducing the insulator's surface area. B) Improving the insulator's conductivity. C) Initiating a leakage current that can cause a flashover. D) Increasing the voltage across the insulator.
A) Rainwater-fed systems B) Groundwater-fed systems C) Surface water-fed systems D) Roof-fed systems
A) Microbial contamination B) Increased water demand C) Chemical contamination D) Electricity outages
A) Filtration B) pH adjustment C) Sedimentation D) Chlorination
A) Tanks should be painted B) Tanks should be filled to capacity C) Tanks should be emptied D) Downpipes should be disconnected
A) Through evaporation B) Through chemical treatment C) Through inflow/infiltration by stormwater D) Through direct filtration
A) Total damage was US$80 million. B) Total damage was US$100 million. C) Total damage was US$50 million. D) There was no damage reported.
A) Dr Jane Smith B) Dr Emily White C) Dr John Doe D) Dr Fred Prata
A) 80 km B) 100 km C) 30 km D) 60 km
A) 5,000 ft B) 10,000 ft C) 20,000 ft D) 15,000 ft
A) 15–20 minutes B) 20–30 minutes C) 2–5 minutes D) 7–10 minutes
A) Eleven B) Nine C) Five D) Seven
A) Reduces visibility B) Increases visibility C) Improves runway traction D) Enhances communication systems
A) Removal before resuming full operations B) Left to settle naturally C) Ignored as it disappears like snow D) Covered with sand
A) Increased speed B) Reduction in visibility C) Improved traction D) Enhanced signal reception
A) Radar B) Anemometers C) Thermometers D) Barometers
A) 1992 B) 1991 C) 1980 D) 1979
A) Rain B) Wind C) Lightning D) Snow
A) Servers. B) Tablets. C) Desktop computers. D) Laptop computers.
A) Rain. B) Sunlight. C) Heat. D) Wind.
A) Roofs with solar panels. B) Flat roofs. C) Roofs with gutters. D) Steeply pitched roofs.
A) About 300 people were killed. B) There was no significant damage. C) The eruption was halted. D) Only property damage occurred.
A) Surgical masks. B) Dust masks. C) Cloth masks. D) Bandanas.
A) Wear goggles. B) Apply eye drops. C) Wear sunglasses. D) Use contact lenses.
A) Cover the engines. B) Remove the engines. C) Oil the engines thoroughly. D) Run the engines continuously.
A) Commercial zones. B) Recreational parks. C) Critical facilities. D) Residential areas.
A) Compost. B) Fertilizer. C) Soil enricher. D) Pest repellent.
A) Silt. B) Loam. C) Andisol. D) Clay.
A) Topsoil layer. B) Subsoil layer. C) Andisol layer. D) Humus layer.
A) Provide extra feed. B) Keep livestock indoors. C) Evacuate livestock. D) Install air filters.
A) Submerge in water. B) Place in a refrigerator. C) Use plastic sheeting. D) Wrap in cloth. |