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Underground Railroad - Quiz
Contributed by: Black
  • 1. Was the Underground Railroad literally underground?
A) No, it was neither literally underground nor a railroad
B) Yes, but only in northern states
C) Yes, it consisted of underground tunnels
D) It started underground and later moved above ground
  • 2. When did the first literal underground railroad exist?
A) 1850
B) 1875
C) 1800
D) 1863
  • 3. According to John Rankin, why was the escape network called a railroad?
A) Because it was built by railroad workers
B) Because fugitives disappeared from public view as if they went into the ground
C) Because trains transported people by night
D) Because it used actual steam locomotives
  • 4. Why did the network use rail terminology like stations and conductors?
A) To honor the inventors of the railroad
B) To confuse slave catchers using railroad codes
C) Because that was the transportation system in use at the time
D) Because trains were the only way to travel north
  • 5. Did the Underground Railroad have a central headquarters or governing body?
A) No, it had no headquarters or governing body
B) Yes, located in Philadelphia
C) Yes, managed by the Quaker church
D) Yes, located in Canada
  • 6. Were there published guides, maps, or pamphlets for the Underground Railroad?
A) Yes, but only for conductors
B) Yes, distributed by abolitionist newspapers
C) Yes, printed secretly in New York
D) No
  • 7. How was communication maintained among participants of the Underground Railroad?
A) Via public newspaper advertisements
B) Through published maps and guides
C) By word of mouth
D) By telegraph messages
  • 8. What type of code was reportedly used to encrypt messages?
A) Morse code
B) Binary code
C) Numeric code
D) Alphabetical cipher
  • 9. How did participants generally organize to maintain secrecy?
A) In large centralized militias
B) In small, independent groups
C) In state-wide chapters
D) Under strict military command
  • 10. Who were the 'conductors' on the railroad?
A) Exclusively white Quakers
B) Elected government officials
C) Only trained railway employees
D) Free-born blacks, white abolitionists, formerly enslaved people, and Native Americans
  • 11. Why did many Christian congregations and clergy participate in the network?
A) They were paid by northern politicians
B) They were ordered to by the federal government
C) They believed slavery was contrary to the ethics of Jesus
D) They wanted to build new railroads
  • 12. Which religious group was notably involved in the Underground Railroad?
A) Eastern Orthodox Church
B) Roman Catholics
C) Church of England
D) Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
  • 13. Which mainstream denominations entered into schism over the issue of slavery?
A) Quakers and Congregationalists
B) Methodist Episcopal Church and the Baptists
C) Presbyterians and Lutherans
D) Catholics and Anglicans
  • 14. How crucial was the role of free blacks in the Underground Railroad?
A) Without it, there would have been almost no chance for fugitives to reach freedom safely
B) It was minor compared to white abolitionists
C) They acted solely as messengers
D) They only provided financial donations
  • 15. What were the organizations known as that underground railroad 'agents' worked in?
A) Railroad unions
B) Freedom leagues
C) Vigilance committees
D) Abolitionist brotherhoods
  • 16. Which northern states had Free Black communities that helped freedom seekers?
A) Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York
B) Texas, Florida, and Louisiana
C) Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia
D) California, Oregon, and Nevada
  • 17. Where did Black communities hide freedom seekers in the North?
A) In public train stations
B) In government buildings
C) In their churches and homes
D) In commercial warehouses
  • 18. Who wrote the book 'Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance'?
A) Cheryl Janifer Laroche
B) Diane Miller
C) John Rankin
D) Larry Gara
  • 19. According to historian Cheryl Janifer Laroche, who operated as the main actors in the Underground Railroad?
A) White northern politicians
B) Blacks, enslaved and free
C) Native American guides
D) European sympathizers
  • 20. What misconception do some authors have regarding white abolitionists, according to Laroche?
A) They state white abolitionists were southern spies
B) They believe white abolitionists ran the government
C) They claim white abolitionists did not participate at all
D) They emphasize white abolitionists as the main factor and overlook free Black communities
  • 21. What does author Diane Miller say traditional historians have overlooked?
A) The agency of African Americans in their own quest for freedom
B) The financial cost of running safe houses
C) The laws passed by southern states
D) The role of the British navy
  • 22. How have traditional historians often portrayed enslaved people in relation to the Underground Railroad?
A) As 'helpless' slaves aided by white religious groups
B) As railway engineers
C) As wealthy landowners funding the network
D) As active leaders of vigilance committees
  • 23. What argument does historian Larry Gara make about many Underground Railroad stories?
A) They were completely fabricated by southern politicians
B) They belonged in folklore and not history
C) They were accurately documented in government archives
D) They were broadcast widely on newspapers
  • 24. Which real historical figures does Larry Gara mention whose actions are exaggerated?
A) Harriet Tubman, Thomas Garrett, and Levi Coffin
B) Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown
C) John Rankin, Cheryl Laroche, and Diane Miller
D) George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin
  • 25. What does the traditional narrative of Northern abolitionists guiding the enslaved imply, according to Gara?
A) That northern abolitionists were paid professionals
B) That southern slaveholders supported the abolitionists
C) That freedom seekers needed the help of Northerners to escape and minimizes enslaved people's intelligence and agency
D) That escaping slavery was easy without assistance
  • 26. Where did an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 fugitive slaves consider their final destination?
A) Mexico
B) Canada
C) The Caribbean
D) Great Britain
  • 27. Which political group heavily lobbied for the Compromise of 1850?
A) British parliament members
B) Canadian diplomats
C) Southern politicians
D) Northern abolitionists
  • 28. Following which conflict was the Compromise of 1850 passed by Congress?
A) The French and Indian War
B) The Mexican-American War
C) The War of 1812
D) The Revolutionary War
  • 29. What did the Compromise of 1850 include regarding fugitive slaves?
A) Automatic freedom after five years
B) A complete ban on slave catching in the North
C) A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law
D) Financial compensation for runaway slaves
  • 30. What did some Northern states enact to counter federal fugitive slave laws?
A) Pro-slavery mandates
B) Southern trade embargoes
C) Compulsory slave catch acts
D) Personal liberty laws
  • 31. Which US President issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863?
A) Andrew Jackson
B) Abraham Lincoln
C) George Washington
D) Thomas Jefferson
  • 32. What were the slaves who risked capture referred to as?
A) Engineers
B) Stationmasters
C) Conductors
D) Passengers
  • 33. What were the individuals who aided the escaping slaves referred to as?
A) Passengers
B) Conductors
C) Engineers
D) Travelers
  • 34. To which country did various other routes lead where slavery had been abolished?
A) Cuba
B) Canada
C) Spain
D) Mexico
  • 35. An earlier escape route ran south toward which Spanish possession?
A) Florida
B) Cuba
C) Puerto Rico
D) Mexico
  • 36. During the American Civil War, where did freedom seekers escape to in the South?
A) British naval vessels
B) Spanish forts in Florida
C) Union lines
D) Confederate military camps
  • 37. Approximately how many slaves had escaped to freedom via the network by 1850, according to one estimate?
A) 1,000,000
B) 10,000
C) 100,000
D) 500,000
  • 38. Who documented the very first use of the term 'Underground Railroad' in print?
A) Scott Shane
B) Thomas Smallwood
C) Eber Pettit
D) Charles Turner Torrey
  • 39. On what date was the term 'Underground Railroad' first used in print?
A) January 1, 1863
B) December 25, 1850
C) July 4, 1776
D) August 10, 1842
  • 40. Who edited the Tocsin of Liberty newspaper?
A) Eber Pettit
B) Thomas Smallwood
C) Scott Shane
D) Charles Turner Torrey
  • 41. Whose column was used to publish the term for the first time?
A) Freedom Train
B) Uncle Tom
C) North Star
D) Sam Weller
  • 42. Which Baltimore constable was Thomas Smallwood quoting when he first used the term?
A) John Zell
B) Eber Pettit
C) Charles Turner Torrey
D) J. Blaine Hudson
  • 43. Whose 1879 book offered the best prior claim to the origin of the term?
A) J. Blaine Hudson
B) Thomas Smallwood
C) Scott Shane
D) Eber Pettit
  • 44. What constellation was known as the 'drinking gourd'?
A) Orion
B) The Big Dipper
C) Ursa Minor
D) Cassiopeia
  • 45. Who escaped by sea and had previously been enslaved by President George Washington?
A) Frederick Douglass
B) Ona Judge
C) Sojourner Truth
D) Harriet Tubman
  • 46. Where did freedom seekers in Alabama hide on boats heading to blend in with a free Black community?
A) Montgomery, Alabama
B) Mobile, Alabama
C) Birmingham, Alabama
D) Huntsville, Alabama
  • 47. What kind of watercraft did Alabama freedom seekers make to escape?
A) Sailboats
B) Canoes
C) Rafts
D) Kayaks
  • 48. Where did freedom seekers escape from enslavers on boats heading for California?
A) Florida
B) Panama
C) Texas
D) Cuba
  • 49. What was the legal status of slavery in Panama during the period discussed?
A) Mandatory for all residents
B) Legal
C) Illegal
D) Regulated by federal law
  • 50. What substance did freedom seekers put on their shoes in North Carolina to prevent dogs from tracking them?
A) Vinegar
B) Turpentine
C) Hot pepper
D) Lard
  • 51. What material did escapees in Texas use to make a paste to stop dogs from tracking their scent?
A) Roasted snake skin
B) Charred bullfrog
C) Dried swamp moss
D) Crushed tree bark
  • 52. Where did other runaways escape to in order to wash off their scent?
A) Mountains
B) Desert caves
C) Swamps
D) Open fields
  • 53. Where did the main route for freedom seekers from the South lead?
A) Through the Florida Everglades
B) Up the Appalachians
C) Across the Rocky Mountains
D) Along the Mississippi River
  • 54. What lake did Harriet Tubman reach before going to Canada by boat on the main route?
A) Lake Ontario
B) Lake Huron
C) Lake Michigan
D) Lake Erie
  • 55. Who was the home in Rochester, New York, associated with?
A) Thomas Downing
B) Frederick Douglass
C) Samuel May
D) Joshua Young
  • 56. What was built by 1848 to connect New York to Canada across the Niagara River?
A) Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
B) St. Lawrence Crossing
C) Brooklyn Bridge
D) Erie Canal Bridge
  • 57. Which river or lake did travelers via the Adirondacks enter Canada through via Ogdensburg?
A) Ohio River
B) Niagara River
C) Mississippi River
D) St. Lawrence River
  • 58. Who assisted travelers entering Canada on Lake Champlain?
A) William Still
B) Joshua Young
C) Thomas Downing
D) Arnold Gragstone
  • 59. What kind of business did Thomas Downing operate in New York as an Underground Railroad stop?
A) A clothing store
B) An Oyster restaurant
C) A horse stable
D) A hardware shop
  • 60. Who was enslaved and helped runaways escape by guiding them across the Ohio River?
A) Thomas Downing
B) Samuel May
C) Arnold Gragstone
D) William Still
  • 61. When was slavery abolished in Canada?
A) During the 1860s
B) During the 1830s
C) During the 1790s
D) During the 1850s
  • 62. What did fugitives call the Ohio River using biblical references?
A) The 'River Jordan'
B) The 'Sea of Galilee'
C) The 'Red Sea'
D) The 'River Euphrates'
  • 63. Who was home to Samuel May according to the text?
A) Philadelphia
B) Syracuse
C) Rochester, New York
D) Harpers Ferry
  • 64. What occupation did some free and enslaved black men hold that helped enslaved people escape?
A) Mariners
B) Railroad engineers
C) Plantation overseers
D) Customs inspectors
  • 65. When did Mary Meachum attempt to help eight or nine slaves escape?
A) 1855
B) 1896
C) 1830
D) 1861
  • 66. What was the name of the free Black woman who attempted to help slaves escape near St. Louis?
A) Mary Meachum
B) Rosa Parks
C) Harriet Tubman
D) Sojourner Truth
  • 67. What was the name of the African American guide from Illinois who assisted in Mary Meachum's escape attempt?
A) Breckenridge
B) Charles
C) Freeman
D) John
  • 68. What was the name of a notable mass escape mentioned in the text?
A) Harpers Ferry raid
B) The Stono rebellion
C) The Amistad mutiny
D) The Pearl incident
  • 69. In what year is there a reference to a numerical code used to encrypt messages?
A) 1877
B) 1855
C) 1896
D) 1840
  • 70. What type of meals did freedom seekers prepare using their foraged and hunted ingredients?
A) Roasted meats and baked bread
B) Fried pastries
C) Cold salads and sandwiches
D) One-pot meals (stews)
  • 71. What is the name of the foodways of Black Americans that grew from the meals created on the Underground Railroad?
A) Fast food
B) Pioneer cuisine
C) Soul food
D) Continental dining
  • 72. Name one type of geographic location where maroon communities were hidden.
A) Mountain peaks
B) Wetlands
C) Open plains
D) Desert canyons
  • 73. In which state is the Great Dismal Swamp located?
A) Louisiana
B) Virginia
C) South Carolina
D) Delaware
  • 74. In what decade was the Saint Malo maroon community active in Louisiana?
A) 1670s
B) 1820s
C) 1780s
D) 1860s
  • 75. Who was the leader of the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) Jean Saint Malo
B) San Miguel
C) Dan Sayer
D) Herbert Aptheker
  • 76. What was the population of the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) Five hundred
B) Fifty
C) Twelve
D) Ten
  • 77. Which government broke up the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) British colonial government
B) United States government
C) Spanish colonial government
D) French colonial government
  • 78. When was Jean Saint Malo executed?
A) August 15, 1816
B) July 4, 1776
C) June 19, 1784
D) January 10, 1864
  • 79. In which colonial region did South Carolina have maroon settlements?
A) New England coast
B) Great Lakes region
C) Lowcountry
D) Appalachian Mountains
  • 80. In what year did maroons fight to maintain their freedom in Ashepoo?
A) 1800
B) 1861
C) 1816
D) 1822
  • 81. Maroons fought to maintain their freedom in Williamsburg County in what year?
A) 1819
B) 1784
C) 1820s
D) 1816
  • 82. In what year did maroons fight to maintain freedom in Georgetown?
A) 1820
B) 1861
C) 1819
D) 1822
  • 83. Maroons fought for freedom in Jacksonborough in which year?
A) 1822
B) 1816
C) 1820
D) 1861
  • 84. In what year did maroons fight to maintain freedom near Marion?
A) 1861
B) 1819
C) 1784
D) 1822
  • 85. Which historical archeologist argues that historians downplay maroons and place valor in white involvement due to racial bias?
A) Dan Sayer
B) San Miguel
C) Herbert Aptheker
D) Jean Saint Malo
  • 86. When were the earliest accounts of escape into Native American lands?
A) 19th century
B) 17th century
C) 16th century
D) 18th century
  • 87. What was the name of the first European colony in the continental US, established by Spaniards in 1526?
A) Saint Malo
B) Fort Malden
C) San Miguel de Gualdape
D) Negro Town
  • 88. Where was San Miguel de Gualdape established?
A) Virginia
B) Florida
C) South Carolina
D) Louisiana
  • 89. As early as what year did enslaved Africans flee from South Carolina Lowcountry to Spanish Florida?
A) 1526
B) 1784
C) 1861
D) 1689
  • 90. Where were some escapees taken by the Ottawa people?
A) Fort Malden
B) Negro Town
C) Ashepoo
D) San Miguel de Gualdape
  • 91. What was the name of the maroon community allowed by the Wyandot people in Upper Sandusky for four decades?
A) Negro Town
B) Lowcountry
C) San Miguel
D) Saint Malo
  • 92. For how many decades did Negro Town exist in Upper Sandusky?
A) Two decades
B) Four decades
C) Ten decades
D) One decade
  • 93. Which Native American people hid freedom seekers in villages around the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware in the 18th and 19th centuries?
A) Nanticoke
B) Ottawa
C) Wyandot
D) Shawnee
  • 94. To which tribe did the Odawa transfer runaways so they could be escorted to Canada?
A) Shawnee
B) Wyandot
C) Nanticoke
D) Ojibwe
  • 95. In what year did the Spanish establish Fort Mose for free Blacks?
A) 1706
B) 1829
C) 1738
D) 1806
  • 96. In what year did enslaved people arrive at the Stone Fort in Nacogdoches, Texas seeking freedom?
A) 1829
B) 1806
C) 1738
D) 1812
  • 97. Which U.S. Army general invaded Spanish Florida during the War of 1812?
A) Zachary Taylor
B) George Washington
C) Winfield Scott
D) Andrew Jackson
  • 98. What type of plantations did Americans establish after moving into Spanish territorial property in the North?
A) Cotton plantations
B) Sugarcane plantations
C) Tobacco plantations
D) Rice plantations
  • 99. Who formally abolished slavery in Mexico in 1829?
A) Agustín de Iturbide
B) Benito Juárez
C) Antonio López de Santa Anna
D) Vicente Guerrero
  • 100. In what year did Texas join the Union as a slave state?
A) 1812
B) 1836
C) 1845
D) 1829
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