- 1. Who was the Tsar of the Russian Empire from 1894 to 1917?
A) Peter Stolypin
B) Vladimir Lenin
C) Nicholas II
D) Alexander II
- 2. What process did the Russian Empire slowly undergo during the reign of Nicholas II?
A) Deindustrialization
B) Democratization
C) Decentralization
D) Industrialization
- 3. Opposition from which political groups did the Tsar repress?
A) Right and far-right
B) Center and far-left
C) Monarchists and conservatives
D) Nationalists and fascists
- 4. What classes increased in size due to industrial development during the 1890s?
A) Urban middle class and working class
B) Peasantry and aristocracy
C) Military officers and clergy
D) Landlords and merchants
- 5. Who owned much of Russia's industry, contributing to a weaker Russian bourgeoisie?
A) Factory workers and trade unions
B) Local peasants and nobles
C) The Orthodox Church and soviets
D) The state and foreigners
- 6. Compared to the West, was the Russian working class relatively stronger or weaker?
A) Stronger
B) Non-existent
C) Weaker
D) Equal
- 7. What factors gave rise to frequent strikes and agrarian disorders during the 1890s and early 1900s?
A) Bad living- and working-conditions, high taxes, and land hunger
B) Low taxes and an abundance of fertile land
C) Religious conflicts and foreign invasions
D) Excessive wages and short working hours
- 8. What percentage of Russian workers were employed in factories of 1,000 workers or more by 1914?
A) 42%
B) 32%
C) 18%
D) 40%
- 9. What percentage of Russian workers were employed in factories of 1,000 workers or more in 1901?
A) 32%
B) 18%
C) 40%
D) 42%
- 10. What percentage of Russian workers worked in businesses of 100 to 1,000 workers by 1914?
A) 32%
B) 18%
C) 40%
D) 42%
- 11. What percentage of Russian workers worked in businesses of 100 workers or fewer by 1914?
A) 42%
B) 35%
C) 40%
D) 18%
- 12. In the United States in 1914, what percentage of workers were in businesses of 100 workers or fewer?
A) 18%
B) 47%
C) 35%
D) 40%
- 13. When were political parties officially legalized in the Russian Empire?
A) When Nicholas II took the throne in 1894
B) When the October Manifesto was issued in 1905
C) After the February Revolution in 1917
D) Following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918
- 14. What party was founded in 1905 by liberal elements among industrial capitalists and nobility?
A) Constitutional Democratic party or Kadets
B) Russian Social Democratic Workers Party
C) Bolshevik Party
D) Socialist Revolutionaries
- 15. What were the beliefs of the Kadets regarding reform and monarchy?
A) Peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarch
B) Agrarian socialism and military dictatorship
C) Violent revolution and an absolute monarchy
D) Immediate abolition of the monarchy and communism
- 16. In what year were the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) founded?
A) 1900
B) 1905
C) 1894
D) 1898
- 17. In what year was the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDRP) founded?
A) 1900
B) 1914
C) 1905
D) 1898
- 18. What form did the worker revolts take in major cities in 1905?
A) Peaceful protests and petitions
B) Agrarian land redistribution
C) Foreign alliances and diplomatic summits
D) Widespread strikes and mutinies
- 19. What elective parliament did the Tsar promise in the October Manifesto?
A) The Duma
B) The Soviet
C) The Constituent Assembly
D) The Kadet Assembly
- 20. In what year did the Tsar dissolve the newly promised Duma?
A) 1914
B) 1911
C) 1905
D) 1906
- 21. Who served as Prime Minister from 1906 to 1911 to help reform the sluggish economy?
A) Peter Stolypin
B) Tsar Nicholas II
C) Vladimir Lenin
D) Alexander Kerensky
- 22. Which country was the central focus of Nicholas II's foreign policy alliance?
A) Great Britain
B) France
C) Japan
D) Germany
- 23. What region was the target of increased Russian meddling in foreign affairs?
A) Balkans
B) Scandinavia
C) Western Europe
D) East Asia
- 24. As military protector of which religious group did Russia proclaim a role for itself?
A) Protestants
B) Orthodox Christians
C) Roman Catholics
D) Muslims
- 25. Which specific country's Orthodox Christians were notably protected by Russia?
A) Japan
B) Serbia
C) France
D) Germany
- 26. Efforts to expand Russian power in the Far East led to a short war with which nation?
A) France
B) Britain
C) Japan
D) China
- 27. When did the Russo-Japanese War take place?
A) 1906–1911
B) 1914–1918
C) 1904–1905
D) 1894–1895
- 28. How did the war with Japan end for St Petersburg?
A) Stalemate
B) Territorial expansion
C) Humiliating defeat
D) Decisive victory
- 29. In what year did Russia enter World War I?
A) 1905
B) 1914
C) 1917
D) 1904
- 30. What pressures and losses led liberal elements to conduct the February Revolution in 1917?
A) Military losses and a failing war-time economy
B) Agricultural surplus and industrial booms
C) Religious disputes and foreign treaties
D) Successful reforms by Peter Stolypin
- 31. Who was a radical leader that unionized to launch a coup, working through factory and army soviets?
A) Vladimir Lenin
B) Peter Stolypin
C) Sergei Witte
D) Nicholas II
- 32. What did the new Soviet government decide it could not continue while holding onto its revolutionary gains?
A) The war
B) Industrialization
C) Industrial strikes
D) The alliance with France
- 33. With which country did the new Soviet government make a separate peace?
A) Serbia
B) Japan
C) France
D) Germany
- 34. What treaty was signed in which Russia gave away 150,000km2 of land?
A) October Manifesto
B) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
C) Treaty of Portsmouth
D) Treaty of Versailles
- 35. How much Russian land was signed away in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
A) 50,000km2
B) 1,000,000km2
C) 150,000km2
D) 500,000km2
- 36. After German bankers stopped lending to Russia, who did Russia increasingly depend on for financial loans?
A) London financial institutions
B) Paris banks
C) Austrian investors
D) Italian merchants
- 37. How many men was France required to immediately mobilize in a possible war against Germany under the 1894 treaty?
A) 500,000 men
B) 700,000 to 800,000 men
C) 1.3 million men
D) 2 million men
- 38. How many men was Russia required to immediately mobilize in a possible war against Germany under the 1894 treaty?
A) 1.3 million men
B) 1.5 million men
C) 300,000 men
D) 700,000 to 800,000 men
- 39. According to George F. Kennan, who was primarily responsible for the collapse of Bismarck's alliance policy in Europe?
A) Great Britain
B) France
C) Austria
D) Russia
- 40. Which league did Russia leave in order to take up the French proposal for a military alliance?
A) The Reinsurance League
B) The Three Emperors' League
C) The Paris Banking Union
D) The Triple Alliance
- 41. By what year was Germany competing with France for Russia's favour?
A) 1904
B) 1895
C) 1894
D) 1900
- 42. In the negotiations following the 1895 war, Japan was forced to make concessions in which peninsula?
A) Sakhalin Island
B) Shantung Peninsula
C) Korean Peninsula
D) Liaotung Peninsula
- 43. Which location in southern Manchuria was also a site of forced Japanese concessions in 1895?
A) Port Arthur
B) Tsushima
C) Mukden
D) Harbin
- 44. Who used French capital to establish the Russo-Chinese Bank in 1896?
A) Sergei Witte
B) Tsar Nicholas
C) Otto von Bismarck
D) Theodore Roosevelt
- 45. What was the primary goal of the Russo-Chinese Bank established in 1896?
A) Finance a railroad across northern Manchuria
B) Purchase Sakhalin Island
C) Fund the Boxer Rebellion
D) Rebuild the Baltic fleet
- 46. The railroad financed by the Russo-Chinese Bank was intended to shorten which major railway?
A) Baltic-Mediterranean Railway
B) Chinese Eastern Railway
C) Trans-Siberian Railway
D) Manchurian Trunk Line
- 47. From which city did Russia begin building a trunk line to Port Arthur?
A) Harbin
B) St. Petersburg
C) Mukden
D) Moscow
- 48. Which nation occupied Wei-Hai-Wei at the same time Russia acquired leases on the Liaotung Peninsula?
A) France
B) Great Britain
C) Germany
D) Japan
- 49. What was the name of the armed popular uprising in China in 1900?
A) Boxer Rebellion
B) Xinhai Revolution
C) Opium Uprising
D) Taiping Rebellion
- 50. What was the main Russian strategy at the start of the war with Japan?
A) Surrendering Port Arthur voluntarily
B) Launching immediate naval invasions
C) Fighting delaying actions for reinforcements
D) Invading mainland Japan
- 51. How long did the siege of Port Arthur last before the Japanese captured it?
A) Three months
B) Six months
C) One year
D) Eight months
- 52. In March 1905, the Japanese forced the Russians to withdraw north of which city?
A) Vladivostok
B) Mukden
C) Harbin
D) Port Arthur
- 53. Why were the Japanese unable to pursue the Russians after the battle at Mukden?
A) Japanese troops suffered heavy casualties
B) Winter weather made roads impassable
C) The Russian navy cut off their supply lines
D) The Tsar declared unconditional surrender
- 54. According to the text, the final victory in the Russo-Japanese war was dependent on what?
A) Artillery strength
B) The navy
C) Foreign alliances
D) Infantry numbers
- 55. Where did the Japanese destroy Russia's last hope in the war in May 1905?
A) Liaotung Peninsula
B) Wei-Hai-Wei
C) Port Arthur
D) Tsushima Straits
- 56. Russia's final fleet in the war was assembled from the navy's Baltic and which other squadron?
A) Atlantic
B) Pacific
C) Mediterranean
D) Black Sea
- 57. What domestic issue forced the tsar to seek peace despite theoretical military options?
A) Economic bankruptcy
B) A massive famine
C) A military coup
D) Revolution at home
- 58. Which United States president mediated the peace agreement between Russia and Japan?
A) William McKinley
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) Theodore Roosevelt
D) Franklin D. Roosevelt
- 59. What territory did Russia cede to Japan in the peace settlement?
A) Southern Sakhalin Island
B) Northern Manchuria
C) Harbin
D) The Liaotung Peninsula
- 60. What fraction of Russia's population was employed by agriculture at the beginning of the twentieth century?
A) One-third
B) Two-thirds
C) One-half
D) Three-quarters
- 61. What proportion of the national income was produced by agriculture at the beginning of the twentieth century?
A) Two-thirds
B) Three-quarters
C) Approximately one-half
D) One-quarter
- 62. What economic sector constituted the single largest sector of the Russian economy at the start of the 20th century?
A) Manufacturing
B) Railroads
C) Mining
D) Agriculture
- 63. What economic factor attacked the price of commodities alongside agricultural failures?
A) Inflation
B) Deflation
C) Currency stability
D) High taxation
- 64. What infrastructure expanded across farmland during this period?
A) Railroads
B) Canals
C) Telegraph lines
D) Highways
- 65. What demographic trend accompanied Russia's agricultural difficulties?
A) Mass emigration
B) Stagnant population
C) Rapid population growth
D) Population decline
- 66. Who led the mass procession of workers on January 22, 1905, known as Bloody Sunday?
A) Sergei Witte
B) Nicholas II
C) Pyotr Stolypin
D) Georgiy Gapon
- 67. In which city did the violent suppression of Bloody Sunday take place?
A) St. Petersburg
B) Warsaw
C) Riga
D) Moscow
- 68. What did workers form in a number of cities during the 1905 revolution?
A) Trade guilds
B) Zemstva
C) Dumas
D) Soviets
- 69. What political party was formed by those who accepted the new arrangements of the October Manifesto?
A) Socialist-Revolutionaries
B) Kadets
C) Octobrists
D) Union of Liberation
- 70. When did the Second Duma meet?
A) 1906
B) 1908
C) 1907
D) 1905
- 71. Who promulgated a new electoral law in June 1907 that reduced the electoral weight of lower-class voters?
A) Vladimir Kokovtsov
B) Pyotr Stolypin
C) The Tsar
D) Dmitry Bogrov
- 72. By 1914, approximately what percentage of all peasant communes had been dissolved?
A) 90 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 50 percent
- 73. Who assassinated Stolypin in 1911 while watching an opera?
A) Vladimir Kokovtsov
B) Dmitry Bogrov
C) An Octobrist leader
D) The Tsar
- 74. Who was Russia's new foreign minister in 1907 who concluded agreements with Britain and Japan?
A) Aleksandr Izvol'skiy
B) Archduke Franz Ferdinand
C) Gavrilo Princip
D) Nicholas II
- 75. According to the text, Britain was given ascendancy in southern Persia, Tibet, and which other region?
A) Korea
B) Bosnia
C) Inner Mongolia
D) Afghanistan
- 76. After China's republican revolution of 1911, Russia and Japan recognized each other's spheres of influence in what region?
A) Northern Persia
B) Southern Manchuria
C) Inner Mongolia
D) Tibet
- 77. Russia traded recognition of German economic interests in the Ottoman Empire and Persia for German recognition of various Russian what?
A) Military bases
B) Security interests
C) Railroad concessions
D) Navigational rights
- 78. What informal group did Russia enter to protect its strategic and financial position without antagonizing Germany?
A) Triple Alliance
B) Triple Entente
C) Central Powers
D) Balkan League
- 79. Since what year had Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina?
A) 1906
B) 1914
C) 1881
D) 1878
- 80. In what year did Russia secretly agree in principle to Austria's future annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina?
A) 1908
B) 1878
C) 1912
D) 1881
- 81. After the Balkan wars, Austria-Hungary became the patron of which country?
A) Bulgaria
B) Greece
C) Montenegro
D) Serbia
- 82. Which Balkan party harbored particular animosity toward the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina?
A) The Serbs
B) The Romanians
C) The Greeks
D) The Bulgarians
- 83. Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914?
A) Otto von Bismarck
B) Nicholas II
C) Aleksandr Izvol'skiy
D) Gavrilo Princip
- 84. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of which empire?
A) The Russian Empire
B) The German Empire
C) The Ottoman Empire
D) Austria-Hungary
- 85. According to the text, when Germany invaded France through Belgium, it was dictated by what?
A) The Triple Entente
B) The Schlieffen Plan
C) The Franco-Russian Alliance
D) The Balkan Pact
- 86. What relation was Grand Duke Nicholas to the tsar?
A) Brother
B) Cousin
C) Uncle
D) Father
- 87. In what year were the German Teutonic Knights originally defeated at the site of Tannenberg by Lithuanian, Polish, and Moldovan troops?
A) 1389
B) 1514
C) 1410
D) 1453
- 88. Into which region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire did the Russians push after turning back an Austrian offensive?
A) Transylvania
B) Bosnia
C) Eastern Galicia
D) Bohemia
- 89. Where did the Germans plan to drive France out of the war with a large-scale attack in 1916?
A) Alsace-Lorraine
B) Paris region
C) Somme valley
D) Verdun area
- 90. Why did Russia despair of victory by 1916?
A) Superior enemy resources
B) Naval blockades
C) Lack of allies
D) Exhaustion
- 91. Why did Germany despair of victory by 1916?
A) Exhaustion of troops
B) Opponents' superior resources
C) Internal revolution
D) Lack of artillery
- 92. Which country did Russia come to the rescue of toward the end of 1916?
A) Montenegro
B) Romania
C) Serbia
D) Belgium
- 93. To which body of water was the eastern front extended when Russia rescued Romania?
A) Caspian Sea
B) Baltic Sea
C) Adriatic Sea
D) Black Sea
- 94. From which empire did Russia expect territorial acquisitions in northeastern Anatolia?
A) Ottoman Empire
B) German Empire
C) Persian Empire
D) Austro-Hungarian Empire
- 95. Which city did Russia expect to control after the victory?
A) Rome
B) Constantinople
C) Vienna
D) Berlin
- 96. Which country was to acquire Dalmatia along the Adriatic coast?
A) Italy
B) Serbia
C) Romania
D) Russia
- 97. What territory was Japan to control more of according to the Entente agreements?
A) India
B) China
C) Korea
D) Siberia
- 98. Which region was France to regain, having lost it in the Franco-Prussian War?
A) Burgundy
B) Normandy
C) Brittany
D) Alsace-Lorraine
- 99. Who quarreled with civilian leaders and refused to cooperate with the War Industry Committees?
A) Duma deputies
B) Peasant farmers
C) Army officers
D) Foreign diplomats
- 100. What group was formed by center and center-left deputies to create a genuinely constitutional government?
A) The Romanov Council
B) The Petrograd Soviet
C) The Bolshevik Party
D) The Progressive Bloc
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