- 1. What are shape notes designed to facilitate?
A) Congregational and social singing
B) Solo opera singing
C) Instrumental tuning
D) Orchestral performances
- 2. During which century did shape notes become a popular teaching device in American singing schools?
A) 20th century
B) 19th century
C) 18th century
D) 17th century
- 3. What was added to noteheads in written music to help singers find pitches?
A) Letters
B) Numbers
C) Shapes
D) Colors
- 4. Shape notes help singers find pitches without using information found where?
A) Tempo indicators
B) Key signatures on the staff
C) Lyrics sheets
D) Dynamic markings
- 5. For approximately how long have shape notes been used in various music traditions?
A) Nearly a millennium
B) Exactly one century
C) Over two centuries
D) Under fifty years
- 6. What is a pejorative name for shape notes?
A) Simple notes and baby notes
B) Classic notes and prime notes
C) Buckwheat notes and dunce notes
D) Master notes and golden notes
- 7. What is another non-pejorative name for shape notes?
A) Staff notes and clef notes
B) Character notes and patent notes
C) Pitch notes and scale notes
D) Tone notes and rhythm notes
- 8. What do the shapes printed in the music match up with?
A) Finger positions
B) Orchestral sections
C) Instrumental valves
D) Solfège syllables
- 9. What mental association does a skilled singer develop in a shape note tradition?
A) Single association linking only the lyric and the note
B) Double association linking rhythm and tempo
C) Quadruple association linking pitch, volume, instrument, and mood
D) Triple mental association linking a note, a shape, and a syllable
- 10. When a shape note group first sings a song, what do they normally sing?
A) The instrumental solo
B) The harmony backwards
C) The final lyrics
D) The syllables
- 11. What do shape note groups do after singing the syllables?
A) Sing the same notes to the words of the music
B) Repeat the syllables in a higher octave
C) Leave the room immediately
D) Switch to playing instruments
- 12. Are the syllables and notes of a shape note system relative or absolute?
A) Constant
B) Absolute
C) Relative
D) Fixed
- 13. What is the first note of a major key always represented as in the four-shape system?
A) Circular Do note
B) Square La note
C) Diamond Sol note
D) Triangular Fa note
- 14. What syllable follows Fa ascending in a major key within the four-shape system?
A) Ti
B) Do
C) Re
D) Sol
- 15. What is the first note of a minor key always in the four-shape system?
A) Fa
B) Do
C) Sol
D) La
- 16. What note follows La in an ascending minor key in the four-shape system?
A) Re
B) Sol
C) Ti
D) Mi
- 17. Which of the following notes in any major scale are each a tone apart?
A) Only the final note
B) The seventh and eighth notes
C) The eighth and ninth notes
D) The first three notes (fa, sol, la)
- 18. Which notes are also a tone apart and grouped as fa, sol, la in a major scale?
A) The fourth to sixth notes
B) The first to third notes
C) The sixth to eighth notes
D) The fifth to seventh notes
- 19. How are the seventh and eighth notes of a major scale separated?
A) By two tones
B) By a full tone
C) By a semitone
D) By an octave
- 20. How are the seventh and eighth notes indicated in the four-shape system?
A) mi-fa
B) sol-la
C) la-mi
D) fa-sol
- 21. How many shape notes can adequately reflect the feeling of the whole scale?
A) Six
B) Eight
C) Four
D) Seven
- 22. In a four-shape system, how many notes of the scale are grouped in pairs assigned to one syllable/shape combination?
A) Six
B) Four
C) Eight
D) Two
- 23. Whose hexachord system does the four-shape ascending scale represent a variation of?
A) John of Salisbury
B) C. H. Cayce
C) Guido of Arezzo
D) Jesse B. Aikin
- 24. What century did the 11th century monk Guido of Arezzo live in?
A) 14th century
B) 19th century
C) 11th century
D) 17th century
- 25. What were the syllables of Guido's original six-note scale?
A) Alpha, beta, gamma, delta
B) Fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi
C) Ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la
D) Do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti
- 26. In which century was the four-syllable variation of Guido's system prominent in England?
A) 15th century
B) 12th century
C) 17th century
D) 19th century
- 27. In which century did the four-syllable variation enter the US?
A) 14th century
B) 20th century
C) 18th century
D) 16th century
- 28. What do seven-shape systems give to every note of the scale?
A) The exact same shape
B) No shape at all
C) A different shape and syllable
D) A numerical value
- 29. What syllables do standard seven-shape systems use?
A) Ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ut
B) A, b, c, d, e, f, g, a
C) Fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa
D) Do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do
- 30. The song 'Do-Re-Mi' from which musical makes seven-shape system syllables familiar to most people?
A) The Sound of Music
B) West Side Story
C) Oklahoma
D) The Music Man
- 31. Who authored the book 'The Good Old Songs' which presents the older seven-note syllabification?
A) Jesse B. Aikin
B) C. H. Cayce
C) Guido of Arezzo
D) John Wesley
- 32. What older seven-note syllabification is presented in 'The Good Old Songs'?
A) Do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do
B) Ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ut
C) Do, re, mi, fa, so, la, si, do
D) Fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa
- 33. Who invented a popular seven-shape system?
A) C. H. Cayce
B) Guido of Arezzo
C) Thomas Morley
D) Jesse B. Aikin
- 34. When was the controlled study on the usefulness of shape notes carried out?
A) 1950s
B) 1844
C) 1850s
D) 1801
- 35. In which state did George H. Kyme's experimental population live?
A) Massachusetts
B) Texas
C) California
D) New York
- 36. What skill did students taught with shape notes learn significantly better according to Kyme?
A) Sight reading
B) Music composition
C) Lyric writing
D) Instrumental performance
- 37. Besides sight reading, what else were students taught with shape notes far more likely to do later in their education?
A) Study foreign languages
B) Teach history
C) Become typography experts
D) Pursue musical activities
- 38. What musical term describes a change of key in mid-piece, commonly used since the 19th century?
A) Modulation
B) Intonation
C) Transcription
D) Tuning
- 39. When a choir sings with instrumental accompaniment during a modulation, what do they sing in the temperament of?
A) The typographer
B) The original composer
C) The instrument
D) The human voice
- 40. What tuning system is typically associated with the unassisted human voice in choral contexts mentioned in the text?
A) Meantone temperament
B) Pythagorean tuning
C) Just intonation
D) Equal temperament
- 41. Who wrote 'Judgment Anthem'?
A) B.F. White
B) Jeremiah Ingalls
C) Justin Morgan
D) George H. Kyme
- 42. In what year was Little and Smith's The Easy Instructor published?
A) 1844
B) 1850
C) 1950
D) 1801
- 43. Which prominent 1844 tunebook omitted Justin Morgan's 'Judgment Anthem'?
A) California Tunebook
B) B.F. White's Organ
C) The Easy Instructor
D) The Sacred Harp
- 44. What is the only song that modulates in the Sacred Harp (1844)?
A) B.F. White's 'Organ'
B) Justin Morgan's 'Judgment Anthem'
C) Kyme's Fourth-Grade Anthem
D) Jeremiah Ingalls's 'Christian Song'
- 45. In what year was the Sacred Harp published?
A) 1801
B) 1950
C) 1844
D) 1850
- 46. During which musical period do many forms of music employ modulation?
A) Common practice period
B) Medieval era
C) Baroque period exclusively
D) Modern experimental period
- 47. Whose cipher notation is mentioned as an early work in pitch syllables?
A) Sarah Anna Glover
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) Reverend John Tufts
D) Ananias Davisson
- 48. Which edition of the Bay Psalm Book included initials of four-note syllables underneath the staff?
A) 9th edition
B) 1st edition
C) 5th edition
D) 12th edition
- 49. When did compositions of the 'Yankee tunesmiths' begin to appear?
A) 1803
B) 1801
C) 1770
D) 1816
- 50. What group of composers is also known as the 'First New England School'?
A) Yankee tunesmiths
B) Southern shape-note masters
C) Guido's choir
D) The Lowell Mason movement
- 51. In which city were William Little and William Smith when they published The Easy Instructor?
A) Boston
B) Philadelphia
C) Kentucky
D) Tennessee
- 52. Who published The Musical Primer in 1803 using slightly different shapes?
A) Allen D. Carden
B) Andrew Law
C) John Connelly
D) Lowell Mason
- 53. In Andrew Law's system, what shape indicated 'fa'?
A) A square
B) An oval
C) A circle
D) A triangle
- 54. In Andrew Law's system, what shape indicated 'la'?
A) A diamond
B) A triangle
C) A square
D) A rectangle
- 55. Who claimed rights to the shape notes used by Little and Smith, according to a statement in The Easy Instructor, Part II?
A) Andrew Law
B) Guido of Arezzo
C) Reverend John Tufts
D) John Connelly
- 56. According to Little and Smith, around what year were shape notes invented by John Connelly?
A) 1790
B) 1770
C) 1803
D) 1801
- 57. Who headed the 'better music' movement that eliminated shape notes in the northeastern U.S.?
A) Alexander Johnson
B) Lowell Mason
C) Ananias Davisson
D) John Connelly
- 58. What was the first Southern shape-note tunebook?
A) The Musical Primer by Andrew Law
B) Ananias Davisson's Kentucky Harmony
C) Alexander Johnson's Tennessee Harmony
D) Allen D. Carden's The Missouri Harmony
- 59. In what year was Ananias Davisson's Kentucky Harmony published?
A) 1803
B) 1820
C) 1816
D) 1801
- 60. Who published Tennessee Harmony in 1818?
A) Ananias Davisson
B) William Little
C) Allen D. Carden
D) Alexander Johnson
- 61. Who published The Missouri Harmony in 1820?
A) Allen D. Carden
B) Ananias Davisson
C) Alexander Johnson
D) Andrew Law
- 62. In what year was Jesse B. Aikin's book Christian Minstrel published?
A) 1811
B) 2013
C) 1846
D) 1876
- 63. Which company played a major role in making Aikin's seven-shape system the standard around 1876?
A) Sacred Harp Publishing Company
B) Sacred Harp Book Company
C) Ruebush & Kieffer Publishing Company
D) J. L. White Edition Committee
- 64. Who devised the seven-shape system used in the book Christian Harmony?
A) Jesse B. Aikin
B) M. L. Swan
C) Ananias Davisson
D) William Walker
- 65. Who devised the seven-shape system used in the book New Harp of Columbia?
A) M. L. Swan
B) William Walker
C) Jesse B. Aikin
D) Jeremiah Ingalls
- 66. Which religious group in the American South regularly uses seven-shape songbooks in Sunday worship?
A) Episcopalians
B) Southern Baptists
C) Eastern Orthodox
D) Roman Catholics
- 67. What type of instrumental accompaniment is typically used in nondenominational community singings of seven-shape gospel music?
A) Violin
B) Piano
C) Guitar
D) Organ
- 68. In which town did Jeremiah Ingalls work as a tavern-keeper and musician between 1789 and 1810?
A) Birmingham, Alabama
B) Benton, Kentucky
C) Charleston, South Carolina
D) Newbury, Vermont
- 69. Who authored the book 'America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present'?
A) George Pullen Jackson
B) Gilbert Chase
C) Stephen A. Marini
D) Buell E. Cobb jr
- 70. Who wrote 'A Portion for the Singers: A History of Music Among Primitive Baptists Since 1800'?
A) James R. Goff
B) R. Paul Drummond
C) Kathryn Eastburn
D) Dorothy Horn
- 71. Which author wrote 'A Sacred Feast: Reflections on Sacred Harp Singing and Dinner on the Ground'?
A) Richard J. Stanislaw
B) Steve Hartman
C) Gilbert Chase
D) Kathryn Eastburn
- 72. Who co-authored 'Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology' with Hugh T. McElrath?
A) James R. Goff
B) Harry Eskew
C) George Pullen Jackson
D) Stephen A. Marini
- 73. Who wrote the 1970 book 'Sing to Me of Heaven: A Study of Folk and Early American Materials in Three Old Harp Books'?
A) Harry Eskew
B) Kathryn Eastburn
C) Dorothy Horn
D) R. Paul Drummond
- 74. Who authored 'White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands' in 1932?
A) Gilbert Chase
B) George Pullen Jackson
C) Stephen A. Marini
D) Buell E. Cobb jr
- 75. Who wrote 'A Checklist of Four-Shape Shape-Note Tunebooks'?
A) Steve Hartman
B) Dorothy Horn
C) Richard J. Stanislaw
D) R. Paul Drummond
- 76. Who edited 'The Missouri Harmony, or a Choice Collection of Psalm Tunes, Hymns, and Anthems' published in 2005?
A) Hugh T. McElrath
B) Richard J. Stanislaw
C) Allen P. Britton
D) Steve Hartman
- 77. Who wrote the 1997 Journal of American Folklore article 'Old Can Be Used Instead of New: Shape-Note Singing and the Crisis of Modernity in the New South, 1880–1910'?
A) Irving Lowens
B) J. Terry Gates
C) Gavin James Campbell
D) Allen P. Britton
- 78. Who wrote the 1988 article 'A comparison of the tune books of Tufts and Walter'?
A) Allen P. Britton
B) J. Terry Gates
C) Irving Lowens
D) Gavin James Campbell
- 79. Who co-authored the 1953 article 'The Easy Instructor (1798–1831): A history and bibliography of the first shape note tune book' with Allen P. Britton?
A) George Pullen Jackson
B) J. Terry Gates
C) Gilbert Chase
D) Irving Lowens
- 80. In what year was 'The Easy Instructor' article published by Lowens and Britton?
A) 1997
B) 1988
C) 1953
D) 1932
- 81. In which city was 'Sing with Understanding' published by Broadman Press?
A) St. Louis
B) Nashville, Tennessee
C) Gainesville
D) Chapel Hill
- 82. What is the ISBN of the book 'Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology'?
A) 1-883982-54-5
B) 0-8054-0000-0
C) 0-8054-6809-9
D) 9780807853467
- 83. What is the ISBN of James R. Goff's 2002 book on southern gospel?
A) 978-0-00-000000-0
B) 0-8054-6809-9
C) 1-883982-54-5
D) 9780807853467
- 84. What is the ISBN of Steve Hartman's edited edition of 'The Missouri Harmony'?
A) 1-883982-54-5
B) 0-8054-6809-9
C) 1-883982-00-0
D) 9780807853467
- 85. Which publisher released Steve Hartman's 2005 edition of 'The Missouri Harmony'?
A) University of Georgia Press
B) Broadman Press
C) Missouri Historical Society
D) University of Illinois Press
- 86. Who co-authored 'Sing with Understanding' with Harry Eskew?
A) Allen P. Britton
B) Buell E. Cobb jr
C) Irving Lowens
D) Hugh T. McElrath
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