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Anarchism in Japan - Quiz
Contributed by: Halliday
  • 1. Who was identified as a clear leader in the anarchist movement by 1923?
A) Ōsugi
B) Hatta Shūzō
C) Ishikawa Sanshirō
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 2. What event did the state use as a pretext to round up Ōsugi and Itō Noe?
A) 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
B) The Taishō democracy movement
C) Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
D) Founding of the Farmer-Labour Party
  • 3. According to Harumi Setouchi, how were Itō, Ōsugi, and the 6-year-old nephew killed?
A) Executed by a formal firing squad
B) Beaten to death and thrown into an abandoned well
C) Poisoned
D) Strangled in their cells
  • 4. According to Patricia Morley, how were Itō and Ōsugi killed?
A) Strangled in their cells
B) Beaten to death in a well
C) Shot by military police
D) Hanged publicly
  • 5. Which military police lieutenant led the squad responsible for the Amakasu Incident?
A) Masahiko Amakasu
B) Ishikawa Sanshirō
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Kōtoku Shūsui
  • 6. Which terrorist group was sparked to action in anger over the Amakasu Incident?
A) Farmer-Labour Party
B) Zenkoku Jiren
C) Girochinsha
D) Kokuren
  • 7. Whose execution did John Crump compare Ōsugi's murder to?
A) Kōtoku Shūsui
B) Hatta Shūzō
C) Sacco and Vanzetti
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 8. How many years prior to Ōsugi's death was Kōtoku Shūsui executed?
A) Ten years
B) Twenty years
C) Twelve years
D) Five years
  • 9. What dominant tendency emerged within Japanese anarchism after Ōsugi's death?
A) Anarcho-syndicalism
B) Marxism
C) 'Pure' anarchism
D) Bolshevism
  • 10. 'Pure' anarchism was a form of which political ideology?
A) Capitalism
B) Social democracy
C) Anarcho-communism
D) State socialism
  • 11. 'Pure' anarchism was primarily a reaction against what?
A) Anarcho-syndicalism
B) Christianity
C) Bolshevism
D) Capitalism
  • 12. Who championed 'pure' anarchism alongside Hatta Shūzō?
A) Itō Noe
B) Ōsugi Sakae
C) Ishikawa Sanshirō
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 13. Why did the label 'pure' anarchism originally come about?
A) To honor Kōtoku Shūsui
B) As an attempt to ridicule the perceived arrogance of the ideology
C) To promote industrial trade unionism
D) As a self-chosen title by trade unionists
  • 14. Why did 'pure' anarchism appeal to many Japanese anarchists?
A) It incorporated capitalist labor unions
B) It embraced Bolshevik industrialization
C) It was seen to be unadulterated by Marxism
D) It supported the state political parties
  • 15. What was Hatta Shūzō's profession before becoming an influential anarchist?
A) Christian pastor
B) Newspaper editor
C) Farmer-Labour Party official
D) Military police lieutenant
  • 16. Why was Hatta Shūzō ejected from his church congregation?
A) For joining the Farmer-Labour Party
B) For holding a memorial service for Ōsugi Sakae
C) For supporting the Bolshevik revolution
D) For advocating capitalist industrialization
  • 17. What was the main source of Hatta Shūzō's influence within the anarchist movement?
A) His background in military police
B) His wealth and property
C) His public speaking skills
D) His leadership of the CGT union
  • 18. During which years was Hatta Shūzō actively involved in the anarchist movement?
A) 1925 until 1926
B) 1924 until 1932
C) 1911 until 1923
D) 1923 until 1945
  • 19. What two major influences did Hatta Shūzō particularly seek to eliminate?
A) Marxism and trade unionism
B) Capitalism and bolshevism
C) Christianity and democracy
D) Anarcho-syndicalism and agrarianism
  • 20. Why did Hatta Shūzō consider capitalism and bolshevism to be essentially similar?
A) Because both were led by Christian pastors
B) Because both rejected the state entirely
C) Because both promoted decentralized agrarian communes
D) Because Bolshevik industrialisation involved exploitative elements like the division of labour
  • 21. Why did Hatta oppose anarcho-syndicalism?
A) It incorporated labour unions and mirrored the capitalist division of labour
B) It promoted local communes focused on agriculture
C) It was entirely free of industrial elements
D) It was completely unadulterated by Marxism
  • 22. What type of society did Hatta Shūzō advocate to avoid unequal distribution of power?
A) A heavily centralized industrial state run by trade unions
B) A decentralised society with local communes engaged in agriculture and small-scale industry
C) A Bolshevik-style industrialized republic
D) A capitalist democracy with parliamentary political parties
  • 23. What were the two main organisations within the Japanese anarchist movement in the late 1920s?
A) CGT and Kokushoku Seinen
B) Girochinsha and Farmer-Labour Party
C) FAI and CNT
D) Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren
  • 24. The relationship between Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren was compared to the relationship between which Spanish groups?
A) FAI and CNT
B) CNT and CGT
C) CGT and FAI
D) Republicans and Nationalists
  • 25. What historical era provided the roots for Kokuren's development?
A) Shōwa wartime era
B) Edo period
C) Meiji era
D) Taishō era
  • 26. When was the Farmer-Labour Party formed by a coalition of leftists?
A) May 1926
B) April 1926
C) January 1926
D) December 1925
  • 27. Why did anarchists gatecrash the opening conference of the Farmer-Labour Party?
A) Because they wanted to merge Kokuren with the party
B) Because they supported the party's democratic developments
C) Because they wanted to take leadership of the party
D) Because they perceived political parties as opportunists that reinforced the state
  • 28. What happened to the Farmer-Labour Party on the day of its founding?
A) It was banned by the authorities
B) It successfully formed a national government
C) It published the newspaper Kokushoku Seinen
D) It merged with Zenkoku Jiren
  • 29. When was the Kokushoku Seinen Renmei (Kokuren) formed?
A) January 1926
B) May 1926
C) December 1925
D) April 1926
  • 30. What does Kokuren stand for in full?
A) Kokushoku Seinen Renmei
B) Jiyū Rengō
C) Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai
D) Kokushoku Seinen
  • 31. What is the English translation of Kokushoku Seinen Renmei?
A) Libertarian Labour Federation
B) Black Youth Newspaper
C) Black Youth League
D) All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions
  • 32. Where did Kokuren extend its regional federations besides Japan?
A) The United States and Spain
B) Japanese-occupied Korea and Taiwan
C) The Philippines and Vietnam
D) China and Russia
  • 33. What was the media organ of Kokuren, published from April 1926?
A) An Investigation into Syndicalism
B) Jiyū Rengō
C) Girochinsha Gazette
D) Kokushoku Seinen
  • 34. What is the English translation of Kokushoku Seinen?
A) Black Youth
B) Libertarian Union
C) Free Federation
D) Black Youth League
  • 35. When was Zenkoku Jiren formed?
A) December 1925
B) May 1926
C) January 1926
D) April 1926
  • 36. What does Zenkoku Jiren stand for in full?
A) Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai
B) Kokushoku Seinen Jiyū
C) Kokushoku Seinen Renmei
D) Zenkoku Seinen Renmei
  • 37. What is the English translation of Zenkoku Jiren's full name?
A) All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions
B) All-Japan Pure Anarchist Federation
C) Libertarian Youth Alliance
D) Black Youth League
  • 38. Approximately how many members did Zenkoku Jiren start with at its founding?
A) 8,372 members
B) 50,000 members
C) 1,923 members
D) 1926 members
  • 39. Which anarcho-syndicalist helped to found Zenkoku Jiren?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō
B) Hatta Shūzō
C) Masahiko Amakasu
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 40. Which foreign union did Zenkoku Jiren strongly mirror at its founding?
A) Russian Bolshevik party
B) French CGT union
C) American AFL union
D) Spanish FAI federation
  • 41. What key commitment of Zenkoku Jiren allowed member unions autonomy to pursue disputes freely?
A) 'Pure anarchism'
B) 'Class collaboration'
C) 'Libertarian federation'
D) 'Bolshevik industrialisation'
  • 42. What was the media organ of Zenkoku Jiren, published from June 1926?
A) The Girochinsha Journal
B) Jiyū Rengō
C) An Investigation into Syndicalism
D) Kokushoku Seinen
  • 43. Which joint campaign did Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren collaborate on regarding two Italian anarchists in the United States?
A) A campaign against the Amakasu Incident
B) A campaign against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
C) A movement against Bolshevik industrialisation
D) A protest against the ban of the Farmer-Labour Party
  • 44. How did Kokuren differ from Zenkoku Jiren in terms of its nature?
A) Kokuren rejected pure anarchism entirely
B) Kokuren was focused entirely on labour union strikes
C) Kokuren was more theoretical in nature and thus more unwilling to compromise
D) Kokuren operated as a legal political party in parliament
  • 45. Whose influence particularly emphasized Kokuren's theoretical and uncompromising nature?
A) Ōsugi Sakae's influence
B) Ishikawa Sanshirō's influence
C) Hatta Shūzō's influence
D) Masahiko Amakasu's influence
  • 46. What was the title of the serialised article published by Hatta Shūzō in Kokushoku Seinen in late 1927?
A) 'The Amakasu Incident'
B) 'An Investigation into Syndicalism'
C) 'Pure Anarchism and Agriculture'
D) 'The Fall of the Farmer-Labour Party'
  • 47. Which movement did Japanese anarchists share an ideological affinity and historical connection with regarding violence?
A) Russian Socialist Revolutionaries
B) French Royalists
C) British Labour Party
D) American Abolitionists
  • 48. When did some anarchist militants begin making plans for a bombing campaign?
A) 1909
B) 1911
C) 1914
D) 1903
  • 49. Who authored the pamphlet critical of the Emperor that Takichi Miyashita distributed?
A) Kanson Arahata
B) Kōtoku
C) Uchiyama Gudō
D) Ōsugi Sakae
  • 50. What was the profession or role of Uchiyama Gudō according to the text?
A) British syndicalist
B) Buddhist anarchist
C) Russian revolutionary
D) French journalist
  • 51. Who was released from prison and had a love affair with the already-married Kōtoku?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Uchiyama Gudō
C) Takichi Miyashita
D) Kanno Sugako
  • 52. When did Kōtoku withdraw from the bombing plot?
A) October 1912
B) January 1911
C) Late 1909
D) May 1910
  • 53. When was Kōtoku arrested and indicted despite his earlier withdrawal?
A) June 1910
B) October 1912
C) May 1910
D) January 1911
  • 54. How many anarchists were ultimately indicted in the High Treason Incident?
A) 12
B) 26
C) 4
D) 100
  • 55. What stance did Ōsugi Sakae take upon his release regarding violent tactics?
A) He forsow violent tactics
B) He planned a new bombing campaign
C) He advocated for immediate armed revolution
D) He funded violent secret societies
  • 56. What Japanese term is used for the 'winter period' of Japanese anarchism?
A) Fuyu jidai
B) Kindai Shisō
C) Heimin Shinbun
D) CGT union
  • 57. When did Iwasa Sakutarō return to Japan from the US?
A) 1914
B) 1909
C) 1916
D) 1908
  • 58. Where did Kanson Arahata retreat to during the winter period?
A) The United States
B) France
C) Tokyo
D) The countryside
  • 59. When did Kanson Arahata return to Tokyo after the winter retreat?
A) 1911
B) 1913
C) 1914
D) 1916
  • 60. When did Ōsugi and Arahata begin publishing the journal Modern Thought (Kindai Shisō)?
A) October 1912
B) March 1915
C) May 1910
D) October 1914
  • 61. When was the 'Society for the Study of Syndicalism' formed?
A) 1911
B) 1909
C) 1916
D) 1913
  • 62. Whose efforts, alongside the CGT, were lectured on by the Society for the Study of Syndicalism?
A) Kropotkin
B) Max Stirner
C) Henri Bergson
D) Tom Mann
  • 63. When did Ōsugi and Arahata attempt to replace Modern Thought with a revival of the Heimin Shinbun newspaper?
A) 1916
B) October 1914
C) October 1912
D) March 1915
  • 64. Who was a leading advocate of the anarcho-communism faction in Europe who signed the Manifesto of the Sixteen?
A) Georges Sorel
B) Max Stirner
C) Kropotkin
D) Tom Mann
  • 65. Which cause did Kropotkin support in the First World War through the Manifesto of the Sixteen?
A) The Central Powers
B) The Allied cause
C) Global military disarmament
D) Japanese neutrality
  • 66. When did Japanese anarchism reach its height?
A) 1920s
B) 1940s
C) 1880s
D) 1900s
  • 67. In what year was Kōtoku Shūsui executed for treason?
A) 1911
B) 1923
C) 1931
D) 1900
  • 68. In what direction did Hatta Shūzō reorient the anarchist movement in the late 1920s?
A) Anarcho-communist
B) Liberal democratic
C) Right-wing nationalist
D) State socialist
  • 69. From what year onwards was the anarchist movement suppressed more harshly due to wartime policies?
A) 1923
B) 1931
C) 1911
D) 1908
  • 70. What did Bowen Raddeker describe Andō Shōeki's advocacy as?
A) Liberal democracy
B) Mutual aid
C) Anarcho-syndicalism
D) State communism
  • 71. Which newspaper described Andō Shōeki as an anarchist in 1908?
A) Kokuren
B) Rikken Seiyūkai
C) Nihon Heimin Shinbun
D) Rikken Jiyūtō
  • 72. What did Iwasa Sakutarō's grandfather use his influence as headman to encourage?
A) Capitalist industrialization
B) Communal farming practices
C) Hierarchical state governance
D) Military conscription
  • 73. In what year did Kōtoku join the staff of the Yorozu Chūhō newspaper?
A) 1898
B) 1901
C) 1903
D) 1900
  • 74. Under which law was the first Social Democratic Party immediately outlawed?
A) 1901 Imperial Decree
B) 1905 Publication Law
C) 1903 Anti-War Act
D) 1900 Peace Preservation Law
  • 75. Who was the Christian pacifist who collaborated with Kōtoku and Sakai to oppose the war with Russia?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō
B) Uchimura Kanzō
C) Kōtoku Shūsai
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 76. Which socialist collaborated with Kōtoku and Uchimura Kanzō to oppose the war with Russia?
A) Sakai Toshihiko
B) Kōtoku Shūsai
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Ishikawa Sanshirō
  • 77. What was the name of the anti-war group started by Kōtoku, Sakai, and Ishikawa Sanshirō?
A) Heimin-sha
B) Anarcho-Communist League
C) Social Democratic Party
D) Yorozu Chūhō
  • 78. In what month and year was the Heimin Shinbun newspaper founded?
A) February 1904
B) January 1905
C) May 1901
D) November 1903
  • 79. What does Heimin Shinbun literally translate to?
A) Revolutionary Tribune
B) Workers' Herald
C) Commoners' Newspaper
D) Socialist Voice
  • 80. When did the Russo-Japanese War break out?
A) November 1903
B) February 1904
C) January 1905
D) November 1905
  • 81. What kind of means did Heimin Shinbun urge radicals to use when fighting against their government?
A) Parliamentary tactics
B) Peaceful means
C) Violent uprising
D) Armed rebellion
  • 82. Whose work did Kōtoku translate into Japanese for the first time for the anniversary issue of Heimin Shinbun?
A) Uchimura Kanzō
B) Ishikawa Sanshirō
C) Karl Marx
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 83. What specific work by Karl Marx did Kōtoku translate into Japanese?
A) The Eighteenth Brumaire
B) The Communist Manifesto
C) Das Kapital
D) The Civil War in France
  • 84. When did the Heimin-sha group dissolve itself after the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War?
A) February 1905
B) January 1905
C) November 1905
D) July 1905
  • 85. In which country did Kōtoku live from November 1905 to June 1906?
A) The United States
B) Russia
C) England
D) France
  • 86. Which US state did Kōtoku spend most of his time in?
A) Washington
B) Illinois
C) California
D) New York
  • 87. What was the name of the journal published by the Social Revolutionary Party?
A) Fields, Factories and Workshops
B) The Change In My Thought
C) Mother Earth
D) Kakumei
  • 88. When was the Japan Socialist Party founded?
A) 1910
B) 1906
C) 1907
D) 1908
  • 89. Which more moderate government permitted the Japan Socialist Party?
A) Saionji Kinmochi
B) Kōtoku
C) Akaba Hajime
D) Sakai Toshihiko
  • 90. When did Heimin Shinbun close due to the split?
A) April 1907
B) June 1908
C) February 1907
D) January 1907
  • 91. Which of the following figures was NOT arrested in the Red Flag Incident according to the text?
A) Kanson Arahata
B) Hitoshi Yamakawa
C) Kanno Sugako
D) Akaba Hajime
  • 92. What American anarcho-syndicalist pamphlet did Kōtoku endeavour to translate?
A) The Conquest of Bread
B) The Social General Strike
C) Heimin Shinbun
D) The Peasant's Gospel
  • 93. Which syndicalist organisation provided the inspiration for the goal of a revolutionary general strike?
A) Japan Socialist Party
B) IWW
C) Red Flag faction
D) Heimin Shinbun
  • 94. Whose seminal work The Conquest of Bread did Kōtoku translate into Japanese?
A) Yamakawa's
B) Akaba Hajime's
C) Ōsugi's
D) Kropotkin's
  • 95. What was the Japanese title of The Peasant's Gospel?
A) The Social General Strike
B) The Conquest of Bread
C) Nômin no Fukuin
D) Heimin Shinbun
  • 96. What was the name of the feminist magazine formed during the winter period?
A) Seitō
B) Yamakawa
C) Kokutai
D) The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation
  • 97. What did Itō Noe call for people to undermine in their everyday practice?
A) The kokutai
B) Foreign trade
C) The economy
D) The translation industry
  • 98. What term refers to the existing system of government in Japan that Itō opposed?
A) Prostitution
B) Bluestocking
C) Kokutai
D) Seitō
  • 99. Who did Itō engage in a debate with on the pages of Seitō between 1914 and 1916?
A) Emma Goldman
B) The Emperor
C) An unnamed police officer
D) Yamakawa Kikue
  • 100. Which American author's writings did Itō translate?
A) Emma Goldman
B) Itō Noe
C) Yamakawa Kikue
D) Bluestocking
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