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Analects - Quiz
Contributed by: Crossley
  • 1. What is considered arguably the most reliable source of biographical information about Confucius?
A) Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian
B) Oracle bone inscriptions
C) Early Zhou dynasty texts
D) The Analects
  • 2. Who wrote the principal biography of Confucius available to historians?
A) An early Zhou ruler
B) A later Confucian philosopher
C) Confucius himself
D) Sima Qian
  • 3. How did Confucius view himself regarding social and political traditions?
A) As a transmitter
B) As a fierce opponent
C) As an indifferent observer
D) As the sole creator
  • 4. During which dynasty did the social and political traditions that Confucius transmitted originate?
A) Early Zhou dynasty
B) Shang dynasty
C) Han dynasty
D) Qin dynasty
  • 5. What did Confucius believe should be done regarding 'ghosts' and 'spirits'?
A) Keep them at a distance
B) Worship them daily
C) Ignore them completely
D) Fear them intensely
  • 6. What should human beings base their values and social ideals on, according to Confucius?
A) Economic wealth and technological progress
B) Strict military might and absolute obedience
C) Moral philosophy, tradition, and a natural love for others
D) Divine revelation and supernatural laws
  • 7. What did Confucius's social philosophy largely depend on?
A) The total elimination of rituals
B) The centralization of state power
C) The suppression of personal desires
D) The cultivation of ren by every individual
  • 8. How did later Confucian philosophers explain the meaning of ren?
A) As the accumulation of material wealth
B) As strict adherence to military strategy
C) As the quality of having a kind manner
D) As absolute loyalty to a ruler
  • 9. How did Confucius actually use the term ren in the Analects?
A) To refer strictly to family relationships
B) To mean simple politeness in speech
C) To describe an all-encompassing state of virtue
D) To denote formal religious sacrifice
  • 10. Did any living person attain ren completely according to Confucius?
A) No
B) Yes, all rulers
C) Yes, the early Zhou kings
D) Yes, Confucius himself
  • 11. How did Confucius generally respond when his students asked him to define ren?
A) By refusing to speak at all
B) By assigning them written tests
C) Indirectly, offering illustrations and examples
D) With a precise dictionary definition
  • 12. According to Confucius, how would a person with a well-cultivated sense of ren speak?
A) Loudly and authoritatively
B) Carefully and modestly
C) Artfully and ingratiatingly
D) Fiercely and aggressively
  • 13. What is one emotional state associated with a person who has cultivated ren?
A) Overwhelmed by severe stress
B) Free from worry, unhappiness, and insecurity
C) Constantly anxious about the future
D) Filled with deep anger toward enemies
  • 14. What did Confucius advise people to do regarding their desires and propriety?
A) Suppress all human emotions forever
B) Fulfill every desire without restraint
C) Abandon all propriety entirely
D) Moderate their desires and return to propriety
  • 15. What did Confucius assure his followers when they were disappointed he wouldn't give a comprehensive definition of ren?
A) That they were not smart enough to understand
B) That he was sharing all that he could
C) That the definition was a secret
D) That they would find it in future books
  • 16. What did the cultivation of ren involve regarding oneself?
A) Seeking constant admiration from others
B) Displaying immense personal wealth
C) Depreciating oneself through modesty
D) Praising oneself loudly in public
  • 17. What kind of speech and manners did Confucius say should be avoided?
A) Honest speech and straightforward manners
B) Simple speech and slow manners
C) Artful speech and ingratiating manners
D) Modest speech and humble manners
  • 18. How can people who have cultivated ren be distinguished, according to Confucius?
A) Flashy in dress and quick of speech
B) Arrogant in posture and loud in voice
C) Wealthy in property and proud in attitude
D) Simple in manner and slow of speech
  • 19. What is the inverted Golden Rule taught by Confucius?
A) Treat others better than they treat you
B) Seek revenge for any wrong committed
C) Do not do to others what you would not like done to yourself
D) Always obey whoever has power over you
  • 20. What does a man with ren do when desiring to establish himself, according to the text?
A) Relies solely on his family's status
B) Helps others establish themselves
C) Works completely in isolation
D) Crushes his rivals to get ahead
  • 21. What quality did Confucius regard as crucial for the pursuit of moral self-cultivation?
A) The ability to memorize ancient historical dates
B) The skill to govern a large military force
C) The ability to imagine and project oneself into the places of others
D) The talent to accumulate vast financial fortunes
  • 22. What did Confucius regard as the simplest, most basic way to cultivate ren?
A) Performing grand religious sacrifices
B) Writing philosophical treatises
C) The exercise of devotion to one's parents and older siblings
D) Traveling to distant foreign lands
  • 23. What must be learned before ren can best be cultivated, according to Confucius?
A) Agricultural science
B) Self-discipline
C) Military tactics
D) Political rhetoric
  • 24. How is self-discipline best learned?
A) Through absolute obedience to an emperor
B) By isolating oneself from society
C) Through rigorous physical punishment
D) By practicing and cultivating one's understanding of li
  • 25. What are li?
A) Spiritual ghosts and demons
B) Military ranks and titles
C) Rituals and forms of propriety
D) Taxes and economic policies
  • 26. What should one's understanding of li inform?
A) Strictly business transactions
B) Everything that one says and does
C) Only interactions with foreign rulers
D) Only major religious ceremonies
  • 27. Did Confucius believe subjecting oneself to li meant suppressing one's desires?
A) Yes, it meant ignoring everyone else's feelings
B) No, it meant doing whatever felt good at the moment
C) Yes, it meant destroying all personal wishes completely
D) No, it meant learning to reconcile them with the needs of family and community
  • 28. What is the basis of a well-ordered society according to Confucius and his followers?
A) The accumulation of gold
B) The public cultivation of li
C) The expansion of military borders
D) The total absence of laws
  • 29. What important aspect of li did Confucius teach his students to observe?
A) The elimination of all family structures
B) Practical social differences that exist between people in daily life
C) The complete equality of all individuals in every aspect
D) The superiority of foreigners over locals
  • 30. How many key relationships are included in Confucian philosophy's 'five relationships'?
A) Seven
B) Five
C) Three
D) Ten
  • 31. Which of the following is one of the 'five relationships' in Confucian philosophy?
A) Master to merchant
B) Teacher to stranger
C) General to soldier
D) Ruler to ruled
  • 32. Which of the following is included in the 'five relationships'?
A) Father to son
B) Grandfather to grandson
C) Uncle to nephew
D) Teacher to pupil
  • 33. Which relationship is part of the Confucian 'five relationships'?
A) Landlord to tenant
B) Neighbor to neighbor
C) Husband to wife
D) Master to slave
  • 34. Which pair represents one of the 'five relationships'?
A) Mother to daughter
B) Cousin to cousin
C) Elder brother to younger brother
D) Father-in-law to son-in-law
  • 35. What is the final pair in the Confucian 'five relationships'?
A) Friend to friend
B) Citizen to foreigner
C) Leader to follower
D) Master to servant
  • 36. What does li manage in the Analects?
A) One's financial investments and trade
B) One's interactions with all people across the world
C) One's military strategy during wartime
D) One's relationship with one's family and close community
  • 37. How is ren practiced compared to li?
A) It is practiced only between rulers and ministers
B) It is practiced exclusively during religious festivals
C) It is practiced broadly and informs interactions with all people
D) It is practiced secretly and only within the household
  • 38. What did Confucius say about a ruler's ability to oppress subjects?
A) Rulers have the absolute right to do whatever they want
B) Subjects must never voice their opinions
C) Oppression is necessary for a well-ordered society
D) Rulers could oppress subjects only at their own peril
  • 39. What did Confucius say about the humblest peasant?
A) He has no right to participate in society
B) You cannot deprive him of his opinion
C) He must obey the Three Armies blindly
D) He is incapable of moral cultivation
  • 40. What would a morally well-cultivated individual regard as a mission for which he would be willing to die?
A) His accumulation of personal fame
B) His conquest of enemy territories
C) His absolute obedience to an evil ruler
D) His devotion to loving others
  • 41. Who is traditionally believed to have compiled the Analects?
A) Emperor Jing of Han
B) Confucius's followers
C) Zhu Xi
D) Ban Gu
  • 42. During which historical period do scholars reach a consensus that large portions of the text were composed?
A) Late Song dynasty
B) Eastern Han dynasty
C) Early Han dynasty
D) Warring States period
  • 43. What is considered the most basic step to cultivating ren?
A) Public speaking
B) Strict adherence to legal codes
C) Military service
D) Filial piety
  • 44. When did Confucius die?
A) 175 AD
B) 5 BC
C) 479 BCE
D) 221 BCE
  • 45. Who argued on linguistic grounds that the last five books of the Analects were produced much later than the rest?
A) Zhu Xi
B) Arthur Waley
C) Itō Jinsai
D) Cui Shu
  • 46. Which books did Arthur Waley speculate represented the earliest parts of the Analects?
A) Books 11–20
B) Books 1–2
C) Books 16–20
D) Books 3–9
  • 47. What percentage of Confucius's sayings cited by his second-generation student Mencius do not exist in the received text of the Analects?
A) 25%
B) 90%
C) 75%
D) 50%
  • 48. According to the Han dynasty scholar Liu Xiang, how many versions of the Analects existed at the beginning of the Han dynasty?
A) Five
B) Three
C) Four
D) Two
  • 49. How many chapters did the Lu version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-five
B) Twenty-two
C) Twenty
D) Twenty-one
  • 50. How many chapters did the Qi version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-five
B) Twenty
C) Twenty-two
D) Twenty-one
  • 51. How many chapters did the Old Text version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-five
B) Twenty-one
C) Twenty-two
D) Twenty
  • 52. Who synthesized the Lu and Qi versions to produce a composite text known as the 'Zhang Hou Lun'?
A) Cui Shu
B) Liu Xiang
C) Huan Tan
D) Zhang Yu
  • 53. Where were the Stone Classics of the Xinping Era written in stone around 175 AD?
A) Anhui
B) Luoyang
C) Pyongyang
D) Dunhuang
  • 54. In what year was the Dingzhou Analects discovered?
A) 2011
B) 1992
C) 2015
D) 1973
  • 55. In what year was the Pyongyang Analects discovered?
A) 1992
B) 2015
C) 1973
D) 2011
  • 56. In what year was a transcription of the Dingzhou Analects contents finally published?
A) 2015
B) 1997
C) 1973
D) 2009
  • 57. In what year was the first academic study on the Pyongyang Analects published?
A) 1997
B) 1992
C) 2009
D) 2011
  • 58. What corpus of excavated Warring States period bamboo strips containing twenty-five Confucius' sayings was acquired by Anhui University in 2015?
A) Anda Manuscript Zhongni Said
B) Dingzhou Analects
C) Kongzi Said
D) Pyongyang Analects
  • 59. In the 'Anda Manuscript Zhongni Said', by what courtesy name is Confucius the master referred?
A) Kongzi
B) Zhang Yu
C) Zhongni
D) Lunyu
  • 60. Where were the 800 bamboo strips containing the 'Kongzi Said' manuscript recovered between 2019 and 2021?
A) Dingzhou
B) Luoyang
C) Wangjiazui
D) Dunhuang
  • 61. How many sayings of overlap have been shown between the 'Kongzi Said' manuscript and the 'Zhongni Said' text?
A) 330
B) 20
C) 11
D) 25
  • 62. Approximately when do both the 'Zhongni Said' and the 'Kongzi Said' manuscripts date back to?
A) 175 AD
B) 70 BCE
C) 479 BCE
D) 300 BCE
  • 63. Who was provided a tutor specifically to teach him the Analects during the Eastern Han?
A) The Emperor
B) The heir apparent
C) The chief historian
D) The Prime Minister
  • 64. Who identified and promoted the Analects as one of the Four Books during the late Song dynasty?
A) He Yan
B) Han Wudi
C) Wang Tong
D) Zhu Xi
  • 65. Which Sui dynasty writer wrote Explanation of the Mean to emulate the style of the Analects?
A) Wang Yangming
B) He Yan
C) Laozi
D) Wang Tong
  • 66. Which Ming dynasty philosopher praised Wang Tong's emulation of the Analects?
A) Zhu Xi
B) He Yan
C) Confucius
D) Wang Yangming
  • 67. In He Yan's view, which historical figure was in agreement with the Sage?
A) Zhu Xi
B) Wang Tong
C) Laozi
D) Mencius
  • 68. In what year was He Yan's Explanations written?
A) 1130 CE
B) 248 CE
C) 195 CE
D) 960 CE
  • 69. For how many years of his life did Zhu Xi continue to refine his commentary?
A) His entire life from childhood
B) The last two years
C) The last thirty years
D) The last five years
  • 70. Until what year was Zhu Xi's commentary read and memorized by Chinese aspiring to literacy and employment?
A) 249
B) 1130
C) 1271
D) 1905
  • 71. What should a good ruler be according to Confucius' political beliefs?
A) Militarily aggressive
B) Self-disciplined
C) Strictly punitive
D) Financially wealthy
  • 72. Whose political orientations directly contradicted Confucius' theories?
A) Legalistic
B) Taoist
C) Democratic
D) Buddhist
  • 73. Which state's ruler asked Confucius about the principles of good government?
A) Qin
B) Qi
C) Chu
D) Lu
  • 74. What did Confucius sometimes require his students to demonstrate before discussing subjects further?
A) Physical endurance tests
B) Intuitive conceptual leaps
C) Financial contributions to the school
D) Mastery of musical instruments
  • 75. How many students are said to have mastered what Confucius taught?
A) Twelve
B) Seventy
C) Three thousand
D) Five hundred
  • 76. Who described the Analects as possibly the first book in human history to describe the life of an individual historic personage?
A) Voltaire
B) Simon Leys
C) Elias Canetti
D) Ezra Pound
  • 77. Who wrote that the Analects is the oldest complete intellectual and spiritual portrait of a man?
A) Yao
B) Confucius
C) Elias Canetti
D) Simon Leys
  • 78. What is the title of Chapter 20?
A) Yao Yue
B) The Master
C) Analects
D) Antiquity
  • 79. What theory explains the fragmentary nature of the final chapter of the Lu text?
A) The translation theory
B) The royal decree theory
C) The censorship theory
D) The accretion theory
  • 80. What formulaic phrase begins a large number of passages in the Analects?
A) Yao Yue
B) Shujing
C) Leys
D) Ziyue
  • 81. What is absent in classical Chinese that creates ambiguity regarding 'ziyue'?
A) Vowels
B) Capital letters
C) Spaces between words
D) Punctuation marks
  • 82. Who translated 'Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean' published in 1861?
A) Leonard A. Lyall
B) D. C. Lau
C) Arthur Waley
D) James Legge
  • 83. In what year was James Legge's revised second edition of his translation published?
A) 1861
B) 1909
C) 1893
D) 1938
  • 84. Which publisher reprinted James Legge's translation in 2006?
A) Penguin Books
B) Cosimo
C) Oxford University Press
D) Trübner
  • 85. Who translated 'The Sayings of Confucius' published in 1909?
A) James Legge
B) Arthur Waley
C) Leonard A. Lyall
D) William Edward Soothill
  • 86. Where was William Edward Soothill's translation of 'The Analects of Confucius' published in 1910?
A) New York
B) London
C) Yokohama
D) Paris
  • 87. Who translated 'The Analects' published by George Allen and Unwin in 1938?
A) Chi-chung Huang
B) D. C. Lau
C) Arthur Waley
D) Simon Leys
  • 88. Who translated 'The Analects of Confucius' published by Oxford University Press in 1997?
A) Chi-chung Huang
B) Burton Watson
C) William Edward Soothill
D) Edward Slingerland
  • 89. Who collaborated with Roger T. Ames on the 1999 'Philosophical Translation' of the Analects?
A) Edward Slingerland
B) Burton Watson
C) Henry Rosemont
D) Taeko Brooks
  • 90. Who translated 'The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Followers' in 2001?
A) Roger T. Ames
B) E. Bruce Brooks
C) Henry Rosemont
D) Taeko Brooks
  • 91. Who is the primary author credited alongside Taeko Brooks for the 2001 work 'The Original Analects'?
A) Simon Leys
B) E. Bruce Brooks
C) Arthur Waley
D) James Legge
  • 92. Which translator included selections from traditional commentaries in their 2003 publication?
A) Edward Slingerland
B) D. C. Lau
C) Burton Watson
D) Chi-chung Huang
  • 93. Who translated 'The Analects of Confucius' published by Columbia University Press in 2007?
A) Séraphin Couvreur
B) William Edward Soothill
C) Leonard A. Lyall
D) Burton Watson
  • 94. Who translated the French work 'Entretiens de Confucius' in the 3rd edition published at Sien Hsien in 1930?
A) Pierre Ryckmans
B) Kōjirō Yoshikawa
C) Anne Cheng
D) Séraphin Couvreur
  • 95. Who translated 'Entretiens de Confucius' published by Éditions du Seuil in Paris in 1981?
A) Anne Cheng
B) Arthur Waley
C) Pierre Ryckmans
D) Séraphin Couvreur
  • 96. Who translated the French version 'Les Entretiens de Confucius' published by Gallimard in 1987?
A) Séraphin Couvreur
B) D. C. Lau
C) Pierre Ryckmans
D) Anne Cheng
  • 97. Who authored the 1978 Japanese three-volume work 'Rongo'?
A) Séraphin Couvreur
B) Kōjirō Yoshikawa
C) Anne Cheng
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 98. In which fields do the Analects and its commentaries stand out especially regarding cultural applications?
A) Medicine
B) Architecture
C) Agriculture
D) Education
  • 99. The Analects has a long history of having influenced traditional East Asian what?
A) Culinary arts
B) Naval architecture
C) Symphonic music
D) Martial arts
  • 100. Which of the following countries is explicitly mentioned as applying the Analects in cultural expressions?
A) Mongolia
B) Thailand
C) India
D) Philippines
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