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Pythagoras - Quiz
Contributed by: Heaton
  • 1. Where was Pythagoras originally from?
A) Croton
B) Metapontum
C) Athens
D) Samos
  • 2. What is Pythagoras the eponymous founder of?
A) Pythagoreanism
B) Platonism
C) Neopythagoreanism
D) Aristotelianism
  • 3. Which philosophers' teachings were influenced by Pythagoras's political and religious teachings?
A) Aristotle and Socrates
B) Plato and Aristotle
C) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
D) Socrates and Plato
  • 4. Around what year did Pythagoras travel to Croton in southern Italy?
A) 495 BC
B) 510 BC
C) 530 BC
D) 570 BC
  • 5. What kind of lifestyle did initiates live in the school founded by Pythagoras?
A) Wealthy and solitary
B) Communal and ascetic
C) Political and lavish
D) Nomadic and transient
  • 6. What were initiates in Pythagoras's school allegedly sworn to?
A) Silence
B) Celibacy
C) Secrecy
D) Poverty
  • 7. Which of the following is credited to Pythagoras in antiquity?
A) The Pythagorean theorem
B) Laws of motion
C) The theory of relativity
D) Calculus
  • 8. What planet was identified by Pythagoras as both the morning and evening stars?
A) Mars
B) Venus
C) Jupiter
D) Saturn
  • 9. Into how many climatic zones did Pythagoras divide the globe?
A) Five
B) Seven
C) Four
D) Three
  • 10. Who was reputedly the first man to call himself a philosopher?
A) Plato
B) Pythagoras
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
  • 11. What does the term 'philosopher' mean according to the text?
A) Student of nature
B) Master of logic
C) Lover of wisdom
D) Seeker of truth
  • 12. Who are some colleagues or successors suggested to have made discoveries credited to Pythagoras?
A) Hippasus and Philolaus
B) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
C) Plato and Aristotle
D) Porphyry and Iamblichus
  • 13. What teaching is most securely identified with Pythagoras?
A) Transmigration of souls
B) Atomic theory
C) Geocentrism
D) Heliocentrism
  • 14. What is another name for the transmigration of souls?
A) Neopythagoreanism
B) Musica universalis
C) Polymathy
D) Metempsychosis
  • 15. What does the doctrine of musica universalis hold?
A) Planets move according to mathematical ratios
B) Stars are stationary and eternal
C) Music can heal physical ailments
D) Earth is the center of the universe
  • 16. Around what year did Croton achieve a decisive victory over Sybaris?
A) 510 BC
B) 570 BC
C) 495 BC
D) 530 BC
  • 17. With whom did Pythagoras's followers come into conflict after the victory over Sybaris?
A) Supporters of monarchy
B) Supporters of democracy
C) Roman soldiers
D) Followers of Aristotle
  • 18. What happened to the meeting houses of Pythagoras's followers during the conflict?
A) They were burned
B) They were confiscated
C) They were abandoned
D) They were converted into temples
  • 19. Where might Pythagoras have escaped to before dying during the persecution?
A) Sparta
B) Metapontum
C) Athens
D) Samos
  • 20. Which of Plato's dialogues exhibits Pythagorean ideas?
A) Phaedo
B) Symposium
C) Timaeus
D) Republic
  • 21. When did a major revival of Pythagoras's teachings occur?
A) Middle Ages
B) First century AD
C) First century BC
D) Fifth century BC
  • 22. What movement coincided with the major revival of Pythagorean teachings?
A) Renaissance humanism
B) Romanticism
C) Enlightenment
D) Neopythagoreanism
  • 23. Which scientist was influenced by Pythagoreanism?
A) Albert Einstein
B) Charles Darwin
C) Isaac Newton
D) Galileo Galilei
  • 24. Which astronomer was influenced by Pythagoreanism alongside Nicolaus Copernicus?
A) Tycho Brahe
B) Ptolemy
C) Edwin Hubble
D) Johannes Kepler
  • 25. Whose work portrayed Pythagoras's teachings in a way that influenced the modern vegetarian movement?
A) Homer's Iliad
B) Aristotle's Metaphysics
C) Ovid's Metamorphoses
D) Plato's Republic
  • 26. What kind of writings by Pythagoras have survived?
A) Poetic verses
B) None
C) Letters and essays
D) Mathematical treatises
  • 27. Who wrote the earliest brief and ambiguous sources on Pythagoras's life?
A) Plato and Socrates
B) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
C) Diogenes Laërtius and Aristotle
D) Porphyry and Iamblichus
  • 28. Who wrote the three biographies from late antiquity that are major sources on Pythagoras's life?
A) Diogenes Laërtius, Porphyry, and Iamblichus
B) Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton
C) Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates
D) Xenophanes, Heraclitus, and Herodotus
  • 29. Whose students from the 4th century BC provided reliable material used by Porphyry and Iamblichus?
A) Pythagoras
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Socrates
  • 30. Which of Aristotle's students provided material used in later biographies of Pythagoras?
A) Epicurus
B) Zenon
C) Theophrastus
D) Aristoxenus
  • 31. Which student of Aristotle, alongside Dicaearchus and Aristoxenus, wrote earlier writings on Pythagoras?
A) Heraclides Ponticus
B) Empedocles
C) Ion of Chios
D) Philolaus
  • 32. Are there details in the life of Pythagoras that stand completely uncontradicted?
A) Only his parentage is universally agreed upon.
B) Only his date of birth is undisputed.
C) Yes, his early life is well documented without contradiction.
D) No, not a single detail stands uncontradicted.
  • 33. What was Pythagoras's father, Mnesarchus, said to have been?
A) A famous architect
B) A gem-engraver or a wealthy merchant
C) A military general
D) A priest of Apollo
  • 34. What was the name of Pythagoras's mother according to Apollonius of Tyana?
A) Diotima
B) Aspasia
C) Pythaïs
D) Theano
  • 35. With which deity was Pythagoras's name associated?
A) Zeus
B) Hermes
C) Pythian Apollo
D) Dionysus
  • 36. How did Aristippus of Cyrene explain the origin of Pythagoras's name in the 4th century BC?
A) By saying he spoke the truth no less than the Pythian
B) By connecting it to his mother's lineage
C) By claiming he was born near the temple of Apollo
D) By stating he was named after a mythical snake
  • 37. Which historian living in Miletus was a contemporary of Pythagoras?
A) Herodotus
B) Thucydides
C) Hecataeus
D) Xenophon
  • 38. Which Pharaoh allegedly taught the Egyptian language to Pythagoras?
A) Psamtik I
B) Amasis II
C) Necho II
D) Apries
  • 39. Where did Pythagoras study with Egyptian priests according to the text?
A) Alexandria
B) Memphis
C) Giza
D) Diospolis
  • 40. What unique privilege was Pythagoras granted among foreigners while in Egypt?
A) Ruling over a province
B) Viewing the royal treasury
C) Taking part in the Egyptian priests' worship
D) Marrying into the royal family
  • 41. Who did some ancient writers claim taught Pythagoras besides the Egyptians?
A) The Magi in Persia
B) The Roman senators
C) The Spartan generals
D) The Athenian philosophers
  • 42. Which specific Persian figure was reputed by some to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Cyrus the Great
B) Darius the Great
C) Xerxes
D) Zoroaster
  • 43. What subject were the Phoenicians reputed to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Medicine
B) Arithmetic
C) Astronomy
D) Architecture
  • 44. What subject were the Chaldeans reputed to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Arithmetic
B) Philosophy
C) Geometry
D) Astronomy
  • 45. Who reported in the third century AD that Pythagoras studied under sages or gymnosophists in India?
A) Herodotus
B) Iamblichus
C) Aristoxenus
D) Philostratus
  • 46. Which philosopher was Anaximander a pupil of?
A) Pythagoras
B) Thales
C) Hermodamas
D) Pherecydes
  • 47. What mythic bard do some traditions claim as Pythagoras's teacher?
A) Orpheus
B) Homer
C) Epimenides
D) Aglaophamus
  • 48. In what dialect was the 'sacred discourse' on the gods written, according to the Neoplatonists?
A) Ionic Greek
B) Attic Greek
C) Samian Greek
D) Doric Greek
  • 49. Who was the Orphic priest who supposedly dictated the sacred discourse to Pythagoras upon his initiation at Leibethra?
A) Apollonius Paradoxographus
B) Aglaophamus
C) Antonius Diogenes
D) Nicomachus
  • 50. According to Riedweg, Pythagoras's teachings were definitely influenced to a noteworthy extent by what?
A) Samian rhapsodies
B) Doric poetry
C) Orphism
D) Egyptian mathematics
  • 51. What is one of the miracle stories told about both Pythagoras and Pherecydes?
A) Predicting a shipwreck
B) Healing the blind
C) Turning water into wine
D) Walking on water
  • 52. What event did both Pythagoras and Pherecydes predict in the shared miracle stories?
A) A volcanic eruption
B) A solar eclipse
C) A great famine
D) An earthquake
  • 53. Who identified Pythagoras's thaumaturgic ideas as a result of Pherecydes's influence?
A) Iamblichus
B) Diogenes Laërtius
C) Antonius Diogenes
D) Apollonius Paradoxographus
  • 54. Which philosopher is the source for the story about Pythagoras returning to care for a dying Pherecydes?
A) Aglaophamus
B) Duris
C) Riedweg
D) Nicomachus
  • 55. On what island was Pherecydes old and dying when Pythagoras returned to care for him?
A) Leibethra
B) Crete
C) Delos
D) Samos
  • 56. What was the name of the school Pythagoras founded while still on Samos?
A) "semicircle"
B) "rotunda"
C) "croton"
D) "magna graecia"
  • 57. Where did Pythagoras dwell to study in private?
A) A public theater
B) A secret cave
C) The town hall
D) A royal palace
  • 58. According to Christoph Riedweg, Antiphon's account regarding the specific building on Samos appears to be motivated by what?
A) A desire to defame Pythagoras
B) Samian patriotic interest
C) Financial gain
D) Roman propaganda
  • 59. How old was Pythagoras when he left Samos?
A) About sixty years old
B) About thirty years old
C) About forty years old
D) About twenty years old
  • 60. Whose emphasis on Pythagoras's purported love of freedom does the tyranny explanation align with?
A) Riedweg's
B) Antiphon's
C) Polycrates's
D) Nicomachus's
  • 61. How did Pythagoras's enemies portray him regarding tyranny?
A) As a champion of total democracy
B) As an opponent of all forms of government
C) As a victim of totalitarian rule
D) As having a proclivity towards tyranny
  • 62. In which Greek colony did Pythagoras arrive after leaving Samos?
A) Sparta
B) Athens
C) Croton
D) Corinth
  • 63. What is Croton called today?
A) Samos
B) Calabria
C) Magna
D) Crotone
  • 64. In which region was Croton located?
A) Attica
B) Peloponnese
C) Ionia
D) Magna Graecia
  • 65. Whom did Pythagoras serve as an advisor to in Croton?
A) The naval commanders
B) The slaves
C) The foreign merchants
D) The elites
  • 66. According to Suda, how many children did Pythagoras have?
A) Four
B) Five
C) Two
D) Three
  • 67. According to Diogenes Laertius, how many brothers did Pythagoras have?
A) Four
B) Three
C) One
D) Two
  • 68. Who was the wrestler from Croton said to be a close associate of Pythagoras?
A) Ninon
B) Milo
C) Cylon
D) Pherecydes
  • 69. What victory is credited as being aided by Pythagoras's emphasis on dedication and asceticism?
A) Locris's victory over Delos
B) Sybaris's victory over Croton
C) Metapontum's victory over Croton
D) Croton's victory over Sybaris
  • 70. What political change did prominent citizens of Croton propose after their victory?
A) An ascetic brotherhood
B) A democratic constitution
C) An absolute monarchy
D) A military dictatorship
  • 71. Why was Cylon reportedly irritated with Pythagoras?
A) Pythagoras supported the democratic constitution
B) Pythagoras refused to train him as a wrestler
C) Pythagoras refused to eat fava beans
D) His exclusion from Pythagoras's brotherhood
  • 72. What happened to the building during the attack by Cylon and Ninon's followers?
A) It was converted into a democratic hall
B) It was demolished by Milo
C) It was completely flooded
D) It was set on fire
  • 73. Why did Pythagoras stop and refuse to run through the fava bean field?
A) The field was on fire
B) He was too weak from starvation
C) Doing so would violate his teachings
D) Milo told him it was dangerous
  • 74. Who originally told the story about the fava bean field according to the text?
A) Suda
B) Neanthes
C) Porphyry
D) Dicaearchus
  • 75. Whom did Neanthes originally tell the fava bean field story about?
A) Pherecydes of Delos
B) Milo of Croton
C) Pythagoras himself
D) Later Pythagoreans
  • 76. How are the exact details of Pythagoras's teachings generally described?
A) Widely disputed
B) Uncertain
C) Completely lost
D) Fully documented
  • 77. What form does the earliest source regarding Pythagoras's metempsychosis take?
A) A historical biography
B) A political speech
C) A philosophical treatise
D) A satirical poem
  • 78. What is Xenophanes of Colophon described as in relation to Pythagoras?
A) A descendant
B) A bitter rival
C) A contemporary
D) A student
  • 79. In Xenophanes's poem, what animal does Pythagoras intercede on behalf of?
A) A bird
B) A cat
C) A horse
D) A dog
  • 80. What is known about the nature or mechanism of Pythagoras's metempsychosis?
A) It only happened to philosophers
B) It was controlled by Apollo
C) It required a specific ritual
D) Nothing whatsoever
  • 81. Which philosopher alludes in a poem that Pythagoras could recall his former incarnations?
A) Aristotle
B) Empedocles
C) Ion of Chios
D) Xenophanes
  • 82. Who was Pythagoras in his first remembered past life?
A) Hermotimus
B) Pyrrhus
C) Euphorbus
D) Aethalides
  • 83. Who was the father of Aethalides?
A) Apollo
B) Hermes
C) Poseidon
D) Zeus
  • 84. Who was Pythagoras in his second incarnation?
A) Pyrrhus
B) Aethalides
C) Hermotimus
D) Euphorbus
  • 85. In which epic work is Euphorbus briefly mentioned?
A) The Odyssey
B) The Histories
C) The Iliad
D) The Aeneid
  • 86. Who did Pythagoras become after being Euphorbus?
A) Aethalides
B) Dicaearchus
C) Hermotimus
D) Pyrrhus
  • 87. What occupation or role is associated with Hermotimus?
A) Fisherman
B) Courtesan
C) Warrior
D) Philosopher
  • 88. Who was Pythagoras in his final incarnation mentioned in the Heraclides Ponticus account?
A) Aethalides
B) Hermotimus
C) Euphorbus
D) Pyrrhus
  • 89. What was Pyrrhus's profession?
A) Philosopher
B) Fisherman
C) Merchant
D) Teacher
  • 90. According to Dicaearchus, one of Pythagoras's past lives was as what?
A) A Spartan queen
B) A beautiful courtesan
C) A wealthy merchant
D) A temple priestess
  • 91. Who reported that one of Pythagoras's past lives was as a beautiful courtesan?
A) Dicaearchus
B) Xenophanes
C) Aristotle
D) Empedocles
  • 92. What number is considered the 'perfect' number in the context of the tetractys?
A) Four
B) Seven
C) Ten
D) Nine
  • 93. What did the organization Pythagoras founded at Croton resemble in many ways?
A) A monastery
B) A royal court
C) A bustling marketplace
D) A military camp
  • 94. What did adherents of Pythagoras share in common?
A) Their personal wealth
B) All their possessions
C) Their family homes
D) Only their religious texts
  • 95. Whose manner of eating did the Pythagoreans follow during their common meals?
A) The Romans
B) The Spartans
C) The Athenians
D) The Persians
  • 96. What does the term 'mathematikoi' translate to?
A) Athletes
B) Worshippers
C) Learners
D) Listeners
  • 97. What does the term 'akousmatikoi' translate to?
A) Speakers
B) Learners
C) Thinkers
D) Listeners
  • 98. What did the Pythagoreans believe music was a purification for?
A) The home
B) The body
C) The mind
D) The soul
  • 99. What did the Pythagoreans believe medicine was a purification for?
A) The soul
B) The community
C) The body
D) The spirit
  • 100. What aspect of physical life did the Pythagoreans place particular emphasis on?
A) Extended periods of fasting
B) Naval warfare training
C) Manual labor in fields
D) Physical exercise
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