- 1. Juan, a jeepney driver in Lipa, sees an unattended cellphone on a table. He quickly computes that no CCTV is present and the owner is asleep. He takes it. Which theory best explains his crime?
A) Rational Choice Theory
B) Labeling Theory
C) Atavism
D) Classical Theory
- 2. A city ordinance imposes 1-day jail for jaywalking regardless of reason, age, or intent. This reflects:
A) Neoclassical Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Positivist Theory
D) Social Disorganization
- 3. A thief avoids houses with guard dogs, lights, and CCTV, and targets houses empty from 8am-5pm. This is best explained by:
A) Moral Development Theory
B) Strain Theory
C) Biological Theory
D) Routine Activity Theory
- 4. In a bar, there is a motivated offender, a drunk suitable target, and no bouncer. A fight happens. Which element of Routine Activity Theory if present would have prevented it?
A) Motivated offender
B) Anomie
C) Capable guardian
D) Suitable target
- 5. A judge considers that the offender is 14 years old, mentally ill, and was threatened. He reduces the sentence. This is:
A) Neoclassical
B) Biological
C) Conflict
D) Classical
- 6. Beccaria argued that for punishment to deter crime, it must be:
A) Based on the offender's family
B) Focused on rehabilitation
C) Severe, random, and delayed
D) Certain, swift, and proportionate
- 7. A subdivision installs more street lights, fences, and neighborhood watch. Crime drops not because criminals changed, but opportunities decreased. This supports:
A) Psychoanalysis
B) Labeling Theory
C) XYY Theory
D) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design / Rational Choice
- 8. A pickpocket chooses the Lipa Fiesta crowd because there are many suitable targets and guardians are distracted. This is an application of:
A) Atavism
B) Routine Activity Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Social Control
- 9. A student says, "I know stealing is wrong, but I will benefit more and I won't get caught." This is:
A) Atavism
B) Hedonism - pleasure-pain principle of Classical School
C) Inferiority complex
D) Anomie
- 10. Under Classical Theory, why is torture as punishment discouraged?
A) It is not scientific
B) It ignores biology
C) It labels the offender
D) It is not deterrent if disproportionate and makes criminals more hardened
- 11. Cesare Lombroso examines a prisoner with large jaw, high cheekbones, and extra fingers and concludes he is a born criminal. This is:
A) Labeling
B) Atavism / Born Criminal
C) Rational Choice
D) Somatotype Theory
- 12. A child has low IQ, ADHD, and a mother who drank alcohol during pregnancy, leading to impulsivity and later theft. This best fits:
A) Conflict Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Biosocial Theory - interaction of biological and environmental factors
D) Routine Activity
- 13. Sheldon claims that a muscular, aggressive person who loves risk is more likely to commit violent crime. He is describing:
A) Atavist
B) Ectomorph
C) Mesomorph
D) Endomorph
- 14. A study finds that adopted children whose biological parents were criminals are more likely to be criminals despite being raised by non-criminal adoptive parents. This supports:
A) Genetic transmission / Nature Theory
B) Social Disorganization
C) Labeling Theory
D) Differential Association
- 15. An offender with an extra Y chromosome (XYY) is found to be tall, aggressive, and has below-average intelligence. This is known as:
A) Atavism
B) Klinefelter Syndrome
C) Turner Syndrome
D) Supermale Syndrome
- 16. A person with low levels of serotonin and high testosterone is easily angered and assaults someone over a small issue. This is explained by:
A) Social Bond Theory
B) Anomie Theory
C) Neurochemical / Hormonal explanation
D) Classical Theory
- 17. A criminologist argues that crime is not due to one gene but due to brain injury, poor diet, and exposure to lead. This is:
A) Conflict Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Modern Biosocial / Nature-Nurture interaction
D) Pure Biological Determinism
- 18. Twins study: Identical twins both commit crimes even when raised apart, while fraternal twins do not. This suggests:
A) Strain causes crime
B) Labeling causes crime
C) Environment is sole cause
D) Heredity influences criminality
- 19. A man with a tumor in the frontal lobe suddenly becomes pedophilic and steals. After tumor removal, behavior stops. This shows:
A) Classical free will
B) Brain dysfunction can influence criminal behavior
C) Anomie
D) Differential Association
- 20. Which is NOT a criticism of Lombroso's theory?
A) He used small sample and no control group
B) It ignores free will and social factors
C) It perfectly explains white-collar crime
D) His atavistic traits are racist and unscientific
- 21. Freud says a boy who had a dominant mother and weak father fails to develop proper conscience and later rapes. This is:
A) Psychoanalytic Theory - weak superego
B) Strain Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Labeling Theory
- 22. A child watches his father beat his mother and later does the same to his wife. This is best explained by:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Bandura's Modeling Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 23. A student with low intelligence cannot cope with school frustration and drops out, then steals. Goddard would explain this as:
A) Feeblemindedness Theory
B) Rational Choice
C) Anomie
D) Conflict Theory
- 24. A person with an overactive Id and weak Ego commits impulsive sex crimes. This is:
A) Social Disorganization
B) Psychoanalytic explanation
C) Strain Theory
D) Routine Activity
- 25. Eysenck says criminals are high in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, making them hard to condition. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Personality Trait Theory
C) Labeling Theory
D) Atavism
- 26. Merton says society tells everyone to be rich, but poor people have no legitimate means. So they steal. This is:
A) Social Disorganization
B) Strain Theory - Anomie
C) Biological Theory
D) Labeling Theory
- 27. A college graduate cannot find a job, becomes frustrated, and sells drugs to achieve financial success. Merton calls this adaptation:
A) Ritualism
B) Rebellion
C) Retreatism
D) Innovation
- 28. A teacher who cannot be promoted just follows rules without believing in them anymore, doing the bare minimum. This is:
A) Conformity
B) Ritualism
C) Innovation
D) Retreatism
- 29. A drug addict who has given up on both money goals and work, just lives to use drugs, is an example of:
A) Retreatism
B) Innovation
C) Conformity
D) Ritualism
- 30. Robert Agnew says a student who is bullied experiences negative emotions and hits back with a knife. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Social Bond Theory
C) General Strain Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 31. According to Cohen's Delinquent Subculture, poor boys who fail in middle-class schools create their own gang that values toughness over grades. This is:
A) Labeling
B) Atavism
C) Innovation
D) Status Frustration
- 32. A person wants to be rich but society blocks him. He feels strain. Which is NOT a legitimate coping mechanism according to Agnew?
A) Both B and C are illegitimate, but Agnew says B and C are criminal coping
B) Using drugs to escape
C) Seeking social support
D) Committing theft to achieve goal
- 33. A gated subdivision has strong ties, everyone knows each other, and crime is low. A squatter area beside it with no ties has high crime. This illustrates:
A) Psychoanalysis
B) Classical Theory
C) Atavism
D) Collective Efficacy
- 34. According to Sutherland, a person becomes criminal when:
A) He has large jaw
B) Definitions favorable to law violation exceed definitions unfavorable
C) He experiences anomie
D) He is labeled
- 35. Akers says crime is learned through operant conditioning, imitation, and definitions. If his friends praise him for stealing, he will repeat it. This is:
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Strain Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Atavism
- 36. A teenager watches a Facebook Reel where shoplifting is shown as cool and easy. He imitates it. This shows:
A) Biological Determinism
B) Differential Association and Modeling
C) Classical Theory
D) Somatotype Theory
- 37. Sykes and Matza say a robber says, "The victim is rich anyway, he won't be hurt." This technique is:
A) Denial of Injury
B) Denial of Responsibility
C) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
D) Condemnation of Condemners
- 38. A youth says, "I didn't have a choice, my barkada forced me." This neutralization technique is:
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Metaphor of the Ledger
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Denial of Victim
- 39. A student says, "I steal for my family, not for myself." This is:
A) Denial of Injury
B) Atavism
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
- 40. Which is NOT one of Sutherland's principles?
A) A person becomes criminal because of atavistic stigmata
B) Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons
C) Criminal behavior is learned
D) Learning includes techniques and motives
- 41. A child is praised by his gang for being brave after a fight. The reward increases future fighting. This is:
A) Anomie
B) Classical Theory
C) Differential Reinforcement
D) Labeling
- 42. Miller says lower-class youth value toughness, street smarts, and excitement, leading to gang crimes. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Strain Theory
C) Biological Theory
D) Focal Concerns Theory
- 43. Hirschi says a student does not commit crime because he is close to parents, doing well in school, busy with basketball, and believes stealing is wrong. These are:
A) Modes of adaptation
B) Atavistic traits
C) Techniques of neutralization
D) Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief - Social Bonds
- 44. A teenager has no attachment to anyone, no goals, no activities, and thinks rules are stupid. He is most likely to commit crime according to:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Social Bond Theory
C) Biological Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 45. Gottfredson and Hirschi say crime is caused by low self-control developed early due to poor parenting. Crimes are impulsive and short-sighted. This is:
A) Atavism
B) Differential Association
C) Self-Control Theory / General Theory of Crime
D) Strain Theory
- 46. A boy caught once for truancy is called "criminal" by teachers. He is expelled, and eventually becomes a real criminal. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Labeling Theory
D) Routine Activity
- 47. Lemert distinguishes primary deviance (initial act) and secondary deviance (deviance after being labeled). A boy who starts to live as a "tulak" after being labeled drug pusher is in:
A) Innovation
B) Atavism
C) Primary Deviance
D) Secondary Deviance
- 48. Police focus on arresting poor shoplifters but ignore corporate tax evasion worth millions. Conflict Theory explains this as:
A) Biological inferiority of poor
B) Low self-control of poor only
C) Anomie among poor
D) Law serves interests of powerful / elite
- 49. Marxist criminologists say capitalism creates crime by creating inequality and greed. This is:
A) Conflict / Marxist Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Social Bond Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 50. Braithwaite says shaming that labels the person as evil makes more crime, but shaming that condemns the act but respects the person and reintegrates him prevents crime. These are:
A) Innovation vs. Ritualism
B) Primary vs. Secondary Deviance
C) Atavism vs. Somatotype
D) Stigmatizing vs. Reintegrative Shaming
- 51. A judge labels a first-time minor offender as "habitual delinquent" and gives harsh sentence. The offender then becomes habitual. This is:
A) Rational choice
B) Labeling leads to amplification of deviance
C) Biological determinism
D) Social Disorganization
- 52. A girl runs away from abusive home, lives on street, and is forced to steal to survive. Feminist pathway theory explains her crime as:
A) Low self-control only
B) Atavism
C) Result of victimization and survival needs
D) Rational choice only
- 53. A man loses his job, his wife insults him, and he feels angry, then he assaults a neighbor. General Strain explains the intervening factor as:
A) Atavistic stigmata
B) Negative emotions
C) Labeling
D) Extra Y chromosome
- 54. A person is genetically prone to impulsivity, but with good parenting and school he does not become criminal. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Biosocial interaction
C) Pure biological determinism
D) Labeling Theory
- 55. A teenager says, "Everyone is corrupt, so why not me?" This is:
A) Innovation
B) Atavism
C) Denial of Victim
D) Condemnation of the Condemners
- 56. What is Crime Causation?
A) Study of police administration
B) Study of punishment
C) Study of court procedures
D) Scientific study of the causes of criminal behavior
- 57. Classical Theory is based on:
A) Low self-control
B) Labeling
C) Free will and hedonism - pleasure vs pain calculation
D) Atavism and born criminal
- 58. Who is the Father of Classical Criminology?
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Cesare Beccaria
- 59. Neoclassical Theory differs from Classical because it:
A) Believes in atavism
B) Says punishment must be equal for all
C) Considers mitigating circumstances like age and insanity
D) Ignores free will completely
A) Labeling by society
B) Learning crime from barkada
C) Anomie or normlessness
D) Born criminal as throwback to primitive man
- 61. Lombroso's theory is called:
A) Born Criminal Theory / Atavistic Theory
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Somatotype Theory
- 62. Mesomorph according to Sheldon is:
A) Fat, jolly, lazy
B) Muscular, aggressive, active - most prone to crime
C) Tall with extra Y chromosome
D) Thin, introverted, shy
A) Fat, soft, sociable, loves comfort
B) Muscular and aggressive
C) Thin and introverted
D) Born criminal
A) Thin, fragile, introverted, brainy
B) Muscular
C) Fat
D) Aggressive
- 65. Biosocial Theory states:
A) Crime is purely labeling
B) Crime is purely free will
C) Crime is purely biological
D) Crime is product of biological and environmental interaction
- 66. Id according to Freud is:
A) Pleasure principle
B) Reality principle
C) Conscience
D) Moral principle
A) Reality principle
B) Born criminal trait
C) Pleasure principle
D) Conscience
A) Reality principle
B) Atavistic stigmata
C) Pleasure principle
D) Conscience
- 69. Behaviorism says crime is learned through:
A) Free will
B) Anomie
C) Reward and punishment
D) Atavism
- 70. Modeling Theory is from:
A) Durkheim
B) Beccaria
C) Lombroso
D) Bandura
A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Robert Merton
C) Sutherland
D) Emile Durkheim
- 72. Innovation adaptation means:
A) Accepts cultural goals (wealth) but rejects legitimate means
B) Rejects goals and means
C) Rejects goals but accepts means
D) Accepts both goals and means
- 73. Differential Reinforcement means:
A) Behavior repeated if rewarded, stopped if punished
B) Anomie
C) Born criminal
D) Atavism
A) Atavism
B) Seeking pleasure, avoiding pain
C) Anomie
D) Labeling
- 75. What is Utilitarianism in Classical Theory?
A) Anomie theory
B) Born criminal theory
C) Atavism
D) Greatest happiness for greatest number
- 76. What is Demonological Theory?
A) Crime caused by evil spirits, demons, witchcraft
B) Crime caused by free will
C) Crime caused by learning
D) Crime caused by poverty
- 77. What is White-Collar Crime?
A) Atavistic crime
B) Crime committed by poor only
C) Street crime only
D) Crime committed by person of high status in course of occupation
- 78. What is Victimless Crime?
A) Biological crime
B) Atavistic crime
C) Crime where consenting adults participate and no complainant
D) All of these
- 79. In Puerto Princesa City, Barangay San Jose has many transient renters, no homeowners association, and kids hanging out at internet shops until midnight. Theft is high. What theory BEST explains this?
A) Atavism
B) XYY Syndrome
C) Social Disorganization
D) Classical Theory
- 80. A criminology student, Roxanne, is caught shoplifting. Her professor says, "You are now a thief, you will never change." She is expelled and later joins a theft gang. What happened?
A) Biological Theory
B) Somatotype Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Labeling Theory
- 81. Shan lost his job at Lima Factory. He wants to keep his family lifestyle but cannot find legal work. He starts selling shabu. Merton calls this:
A) Retreatism
B) Conformity
C) Innovation - accepts wealth goal, rejects legitimate means
D) Ritualism
- 82. A house in a subdivision has no lights, no dog, no CCTV, and owners are on vacation in tagkawayan beach. Burglars target it. Which element is present?
A) Suitable target + lack of capable guardian
B) Extra Y chromosome
C) Atavism
D) Strong social bond
- 83. A child sees his kuya beat his wife every time he is drunk. At 20, he does the same to his girlfriend. This is:
A) Classical hedonism
B) Social Learning / Modeling
C) Anomie
D) Atavism
- 84. A boy is close to his mother, wants to be a policeman, is busy in ROTC, and believes stealing is against God. He resists barkada who invites him to steal. Hirschi explains this as:
A) Strong Social Bonds
B) Low self-control
C) Anomie
D) Atavism
- 85. A girl from a good family with high grades steals makeup for thrill and excitement, not need. Best explained by:
A) Low self-control / sensation seeking
B) Poverty causes crime
C) Atavism
D) Social Disorganization
- 86. In a poor area, youth learn how to pick pockets from older criminals, learn that "magnakaw sa mayaman ay okay lang." This is:
A) Biological Theory
B) Differential Association
C) Classical Theory
D) Anomie
- 87. A barangay leaves graffiti and broken chairs in the plaza unfixed. After 2 months, more vandalism and drug use appear. This illustrates:
A) Strain Theory
B) Broken Windows Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Atavism
- 88. A man commits murder during a fiesta because in his barkada, backing down from a challenge means you are "duwag" and lose respect. This is:
A) Subculture of Violence / Focal Concerns
B) Classical Theory
C) XYY syndrome
D) Atavism
- 89. A woman who was abused for years kills her husband while he sleeps. Feminist pathway theory would focus on:
A) Victimization and survival as pathway to crime
B) Classical free will only
C) Atavism
D) Mesomorphy
- 90. A former inmate applies for job at SM Lipa but is rejected when they see his prison record. He cannot feed family and returns to robbery. This shows:
A) Biological Theory
B) Somatotype Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Labeling Theory
- 91. A law criminalizes street vending but not large-scale smuggling by corporations. Conflict theorist would say:
A) Law is neutral
B) Atavism explains law
C) Biological inferiority explains law
D) Law is created by powerful to protect their interests and control the powerless
- 92. A student says, "The store is insured, they won't lose anything if I shoplift." This neutralization is:
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Denial of Injury
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Condemnation of Condemners
- 93. A student says, "I steal cellphones to help my sick mother." This is:
A) Denial of Injury
B) Biological
C) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
D) Atavism
- 94. A community has strong church, active SK, parents know each other, and everyone watches each other's kids. Crime is low despite poverty. This is:
A) XYY Syndrome
B) High Collective Efficacy and Strong Social Bonds overcome strain
C) Classical Theory
D) Atavism
- 95. A man with brain injury in frontal lobe becomes impulsive and sexually assaults children. This supports:
A) Classical hedonism only
B) Biosocial / Neurocriminology
C) Labeling Theory only
D) Social Disorganization
- 96. A child with poor parents is told by teacher he is bobo and will never graduate. He stops studying and joins gang. This is:
A) Somatotype
B) Labeling Theory
C) Atavism
D) Classical Theory
- 97. A crime map shows theft clusters near Lipa Bus Terminal, schools, and malls - not random. This supports:
A) Atavism
B) Classical Theory
C) Crime Pattern Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 98. A person who inherited high impulsivity but raised by loving, disciplining parents who teach self-control does NOT become criminal. This shows:
A) Biosocial interaction
B) Pure biological determinism
C) Atavism
D) Pure classical
- 99. A woman steals milk for her starving child during typhoon.
A) Atavism
B) Ritualism
C) All of these
D) Rational Choice under extreme strain / necessity
- 100. Graffiti left unfixed leads to more serious crimes later.
A) Somatotype
B) Labeling
C) Broken Windows Theory
D) Atavism
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