- 1. According to the Hebrew Bible, when did the United Monarchy of Israel rule?
A) Around the 10th century BCE
B) Around the 12th century BCE
C) Around the 6th century BCE
D) Around the 8th century BCE
- 2. Which two regions did the United Monarchy allegedly rule over according to the Hebrew Bible?
A) Israel and Philistia
B) Cisjordan and Transjordan
C) Judea and Samaria
D) Jerusalem and Shechem
- 3. What period corresponds to the Early Monarchical period in archaeology?
A) Iron Age IIa
B) Late Bronze Age
C) Iron Age IIb
D) Iron Age I
- 4. What evidence supports the existence of a centralized organization in Judah during Iron Age IIa?
A) Fortified cities, literacy, and city planning
B) Foreign trade agreements
C) Extensive written royal archives
D) Large gold and silver treasures
- 5. According to interpretations in the 1990s, how did Israel and Judah arise relative to each other?
A) As colonies of Egypt
B) As a single unified empire
C) Separately and as distinct entities
D) Simultaneously from a shared capital
- 6. Where were Israel and Judah centered, respectively, according to 1990s interpretations?
A) Shechem and Jerusalem
B) Khirbet Qeiyafa and Judah
C) Transjordan and Cisjordan
D) Jerusalem and Samaria
- 7. Which archaeological site supports the biblical account of a United Monarchy?
A) Khirbet Qeiyafa
B) The Ophel
C) Tel Dan
D) The City of David
- 8. What did the Israel Antiquities Authority state that the excavations at Khirbat Qeiyafa reveal?
A) A Philistine fortress city
B) An uninhabited wasteland
C) An urban society that existed in Judah in the late eleventh century BCE
D) A small country village from the eighth century BCE
- 9. What is the oldest part of Jerusalem and its original urban core?
A) Upper Samaria
B) The City of David
C) Khirbet Qeiyafa
D) The Ophel
- 10. Which administrative structures in Jerusalem contain material culture dated to Iron I?
A) The Stepped Stone Structure and the Large Stone Structure
B) The temple of Solomon
C) The Tel Dan Stele and Mesha Stele
D) The Ophel fortifications
- 11. Who argued that Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE was a small country village rather than a national capital?
A) William G. Dever
B) Amihai Mazar
C) Avraham Faust
D) Israel Finkelstein
- 12. Who argued that Jerusalem was entirely uninhabited in the 10th century BCE?
A) Zev Farber
B) William G. Dever
C) Israel Finkelstein
D) Ussishkin
- 13. Who contends that Jerusalem was a small town with a mighty citadel and a center of a substantial regional polity?
A) Israel Finkelstein
B) Avraham Faust
C) Ussishkin
D) Amihai Mazar
- 14. Who argued that Jerusalem was significantly large compared to highland sites and contained fortifications and public buildings?
A) Avraham Faust and Zev Farber
B) The Israel Antiquities Authority
C) Israel Finkelstein and Ussishkin
D) William G. Dever and Amihai Mazar
- 15. Recent archaeological discoveries at which two locations seem to indicate Jerusalem was sufficiently developed to be a capital?
A) Khirbet Qeiyafa and Shechem
B) Samaria and the Judean hills
C) Tel Dan and Transjordan
D) The City of David and the Ophel
- 16. When was the Tel Dan Stele discovered?
A) Late eleventh century BCE
B) July 1993
C) The 1990s
D) Iron Age IIa
- 17. To which centuries is the Tel Dan Stele dated?
A) The Bronze Age
B) The late 11th century BCE
C) The 10th century BCE
D) The 9th or 8th century BCE
- 18. What phrase on the Tel Dan Stele is interpreted by many as a reference to a monarchic dynasty in Judah?
A) Upper Samaria
B) bytdwd
C) Cisjordan
D) Shechem and Jerusalem
- 19. What is 'bytdwd' widely interpreted to mean?
A) House of David
B) United Monarchy
C) Capital of Jerusalem
D) Temple of Solomon
- 20. Besides the Tel Dan Stele, which other stele might contain a reference to the House of David?
A) The Stepped Stone Structure
B) The Mesha Stele
C) The Large Stone Structure
D) The Khirbet Qeiyafa inscription
- 21. What do the majority of scholars accept regarding David and Solomon since the discovery of the Tel Dan Stele?
A) That they only ruled a small country village in the Judean hills
B) That they ruled a vast empire stretching from Egypt to Mesopotamia
C) The existence of a polity ruled by them, on a more modest scale than described in the Bible
D) That they never existed and were entirely mythical figures
- 22. What areas do most scholars believe David and Solomon reigned over?
A) The entire Near East without exception
B) Upper Samaria and Shechem exclusively
C) Large sections of Cisjordan and probably parts of Transjordan
D) Only the City of David and Khirbet Qeiyafa
- 23. According to William G. Dever, which territories did David actually reign over?
A) Judea and Samaria as an empire
B) All of Cisjordan and Transjordan
C) Only Jerusalem and its immediate surroundings
D) Current territories of Israel and West Bank
- 24. Which invading group does William G. Dever argue that David defeated?
A) The Ammonites
B) The Philistines
C) The Egyptians
D) The Moabites
- 25. What does William G. Dever argue about David's conquests other than defeating the invaders?
A) They are fictitious
B) They were larger than described in the Bible
C) They were peacefully negotiated
D) They are historically proven by the Tel Dan Stele
- 26. According to Paula McNutt, do Old Testament narratives record history in the sense it is understood in the twentieth century?
A) No
B) Only regarding political history
C) Only in the books of Moses
D) Yes
- 27. Who is credited in the Talmud with the dictum that "there is no chronological order in the Torah"?
A) Rabbi Ishmael
B) W.F. Albright
C) Abba Arika
D) Rabbi Akiva
- 28. Whose view was that "the Torah speaks in human language"?
A) Rabbi Ishmael
B) Abba Arika
C) W.F. Albright
D) Rabbi Akiva
- 29. Which archaeologist described a more expansive view of history involving multiple histories within the Bible?
A) W.F. Albright
B) William Dever
C) Abraham Joshua Heschel
D) Abba Arika
- 30. Cultural history encompasses overall cultural evolution, demography, socio-economic and political structure, and what else?
A) Ethnicity
B) Infallibility
C) Telepathy
D) Chronology
- 31. What do most historians accept regarding Jesus in the New Testament?
A) He wrote the gospels himself
B) He never actually existed as a person
C) He was a historical figure crucified under Pontius Pilate
D) Every single event in his life is scientifically verifiable
- 32. Who is a representative of the Copenhagen School, also known as 'biblical minimalism'?
A) William G. Dever
B) Pontius Pilate
C) Thomas L. Thompson
D) An unnamed biblical literalist
- 33. What is the Copenhagen School also known as?
A) Biblical literalism
B) Biblical archaeology
C) Biblical maximalism
D) Biblical minimalism
- 34. What early philosophical movement influenced patrons like Justin Martyr and Tertullian?
A) The Ionian Enlightenment
B) The Renaissance
C) Scholasticism
D) The Age of Enlightenment
- 35. Who was aware of the difference between science and scripture?
A) Justin Martyr
B) Faustus of Mileve
C) Augustine
D) Tertullian
- 36. Whose historical doubts are used as a comparison in the text?
A) Tertullian
B) Faustus of Mileve
C) Augustine
D) Herodotus
- 37. Do very few or very many texts survive directly from antiquity?
A) Almost all of them
B) An infinite number
C) Very many
D) Very few
- 38. What indicates greater textual reliability in earliest texts?
A) Lower consistency
B) Fewer copies overall
C) Higher consistency
D) Greater length
- 39. What can multiple copies of manuscripts be grouped into?
A) Enlightenment subsets
B) Canon categories
C) Apocryphal volumes
D) Text types
- 40. What are some text types judged to be closer to than others?
A) The apocrypha
B) The modern translation
C) The myths of other religions
D) The hypothetical original
- 41. Which scholar noted internal contradictions suggesting Moses did not author the Pentateuch as early as the Middle Ages?
A) Baruch Spinoza
B) Jean Astruc
C) Thomas Hobbes
D) Abraham ibn Ezra
- 42. Which biblical chapter describes the death of Moses, making it impossible for him to have written it?
A) Deuteronomy 34
B) Genesis 1
C) Leviticus 10
D) Numbers 22
- 43. In which major work did Thomas Hobbes argue that biblical texts provide evidence for their own dates of composition?
A) The Pentateuch
B) Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
C) Leviathan
D) Higher Criticism
- 44. In what year was Thomas Hobbes's work Leviathan published?
A) 1678
B) 1670
C) 1651
D) 1753
- 45. Which philosopher and pantheist echoed Hobbes's doubts about the historical books in Tractatus Theologico-Politicus?
A) Jean Astruc
B) Julius Wellhausen
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) Thomas Hobbes
- 46. In what year was Baruch Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus published?
A) 1678
B) 1651
C) 1670
D) 1753
- 47. Which French priest brought critical perspectives on Scripture to the Catholic tradition in 1678?
A) Richard Simon
B) Julius Wellhausen
C) Jean Astruc
D) Abraham ibn Ezra
- 48. Who applied source criticism methods from classical secular texts to the Pentateuch in 1753?
A) Richard Simon
B) Thomas Hobbes
C) Jean Astruc
D) Julius Wellhausen
- 49. How many different manuscript traditions did Jean Astruc believe he could detect in the Pentateuch?
A) Two
B) Four
C) Three
D) Five
- 50. Who formalised the documentary hypothesis in the 1870s?
A) Abraham ibn Ezra
B) Julius Wellhausen
C) Thomas Hobbes
D) Jean Astruc
- 51. Which of the following is part of the sources identified in the documentary hypothesis?
A) Ezraic
B) Jahwist
C) Mosaic
D) Hobbesian
- 52. Which source is included in the four identified by the documentary hypothesis?
A) Historical
B) Prophetic
C) Elohist
D) Traditionist
- 53. Along with Jahwist and Elohist, which source is part of the documentary hypothesis?
A) Levitical
B) Deuteronomist
C) Mosaic
D) Reformist
- 54. What is the fourth source identified in the documentary hypothesis besides Jahwist, Elohist, and Deuteronomist?
A) Scribal source
B) Prophetic source
C) Royal source
D) Priestly source
- 55. What did medieval philosopher Maimonides consider the stories about Adam to be?
A) Prophetic poetry
B) Strict historical records
C) Philosophical anthropology
D) Literal scientific data
- 56. Whose publication of 'Theory of the Earth' in 1788 was an important development in dethroning Genesis as ultimate authority?
A) Martin Noth
B) Charles Darwin
C) James Hutton
D) William Albright
- 57. Who was the president of the Geological Society who publicly recanted his previous support for the diluvian theory in 1831?
A) Hermann Gunkel
B) John Van Seters
C) Adam Sedgwick
D) David Ilan
- 58. Who naturalized the Garden of Eden with the publication of 'On the Origin of Species' in 1859?
A) James Hutton
B) William Dever
C) Charles Darwin
D) Thomas L. Thompson
- 59. What is the mainstream scholarly consensus regarding Genesis 1–11 today?
A) A strictly accurate historical and scientific chronicle
B) An eyewitness account written by Adam
C) A legal contract from the Bronze Age
D) A highly schematic literary work representing theology/symbolic mythology
- 60. Who drew attention to the mythic aspects of the Pentateuch following the early scientific developments?
A) Hermann Gunkel
B) William Albright
C) St Augustine of Hippo
D) Martin Heide
- 61. Which school argued that although core traditions had ancient roots, narratives were fictional framing devices?
A) Tradition history school
B) Biblical archaeology movement
C) Evangelical literalist school
D) Assyrian trade guild
- 62. Who led the American biblical archaeology movement to counterattack and defend the broad outline of framing narratives?
A) Hutton
B) Albright
C) Darwin
D) Augustine
- 63. Who published 'Abraham in History and Tradition' in 1975?
A) Maimonides
B) Thomas L. Thompson
C) John Van Seters
D) Adam Sedgwick
- 64. According to William Dever in 1993, whose central theses had all been overturned?
A) Gunkel's
B) Hutton's
C) Darwin's
D) Albright's
- 65. What did William Dever state contributed the most to Biblical studies in the long run?
A) The newer secular archaeology
B) Traditional biblical archaeology
C) Ancient oral tradition preservation
D) Literalist evangelical commentary
- 66. How long does the Book of Exodus state the Israelites dwelled in Egypt?
A) 200 years
B) 430 years
C) 40 years
D) 100 years
- 67. How many Israelite men does the Book of Exodus state were involved in the Exodus?
A) 22,273
B) 2.5 million
C) 603,550
D) 600,000
- 68. What is the modern estimate for the total number of Israelites based on the Book of Numbers?
A) 2.5–3 million
B) 10 million
C) 600,000
D) 500,000
- 69. Who connects the formation of the highland communities and shared identity with the exodus tradition?
A) Kenton Sparks
B) William G. Dever
C) Ronald Hendel
D) Richard Elliott Friedman
- 70. Who held that the Exodus narrative is a Canaanite memory of the Hyksos' descent and occupation of Egypt?
A) Gili Kugler
B) Donald Redford
C) Ronald Hendel
D) Kenton Sparks
- 71. Which biblical text recalls God’s revelation in Egypt but omits any mention of slavery or oppression?
A) Ezekiel 20
B) Genesis 46
C) Exodus 12
D) Deuteronomy 23
- 72. What kind of folklore and culture elements are found in the Exodus narrative?
A) Persian
B) Greek
C) Mesopotamian
D) Egyptian
- 73. Which biblical chapter mentions that the Israelites dwelled in Egypt for 430 years?
A) Exodus 12
B) Numbers 1
C) Deuteronomy 23
D) Genesis 46
- 74. What does the Deuteronomistic history contain regarding historical figures and events?
A) Complete and flawless documentation
B) No information whatsoever
C) Only fictional names
D) Certain information
- 75. How are large portions of the Deuteronomistic history described?
A) Legendary
B) Entirely factual
C) Scientifically proven
D) Strictly biographical
- 76. What else does the Deuteronomistic history contain in large numbers?
A) Foreign languages
B) Anachronisms
C) Poetic verses
D) Mathematical formulas
- 77. What proportion of biblical individuals has been identified independently?
A) Only a negligible fraction
B) None at all
C) Every single individual
D) A significant number
- 78. How have a significant number of biblical individuals been identified?
A) Solely through biblical text
B) Through modern media
C) Independently
D) By guessing randomly
- 79. What type of inscriptions have helped identify biblical individuals?
A) South American petroglyphs
B) East Asian hieroglyphics
C) European runes
D) Northwest Semitic inscriptions
- 80. What other sources besides inscriptions have helped identify biblical individuals?
A) Fictional novels
B) Oral myths from the 20th century
C) Modern newspaper articles
D) Other archeological sources
- 81. What time period do the archeological sources and inscriptions generally cover?
A) 1 AD - 500 AD
B) 5000 - 4000 BC
C) 1000 - 2000 AD
D) 1200 - 539 BC
- 82. Who provided corrections and updates regarding the inscriptions?
A) A team of fictional writers
B) An anonymous blogger
C) An ancient king
D) Lawrence J. Mykytiuk
- 83. Which site was identified by excavators as biblical Bethel?
A) Tel ed-Duweir
B) Beitin
C) Hazor
D) Jericho
- 84. Which site was identified by excavators as biblical Lachish?
A) Jericho
B) Tel ed-Duweir
C) Beitin
D) Hazor
- 85. Who reached the same conclusion as Kathleen Kenyon regarding Jericho based on all excavation findings?
A) Lorenzo Nigro
B) Piotr Bienkowski
C) Amnon Ben-Tor
D) John Garstang
- 86. The Exodus is usually dated in relation to which Pharaoh mentioned in the text?
A) Ramses
B) Amenhotep
C) Merneptah
D) Thutmose
- 87. By what decade had it become clear that the archaeological record did not support the conquest account in Joshua?
A) 1930s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1970s
- 88. Who led recent excavations finding that Jericho was occupied in the Late Bronze Age (1400–1200 BCE)?
A) John Garstang
B) Israel Finkelstein
C) Kathleen Kenyon
D) Lorenzo Nigro
- 89. What was added on top of the Middle Bronze city wall at Jericho during the Late Bronze Age?
A) A stone fortification
B) A mudbrick wall
C) A wooden palisade
D) An iron gate
- 90. According to Peake's Commentary, independent battles were artificially attributed to a single leader named what?
A) Deborah
B) Jabin
C) Moses
D) Joshua
- 91. Which stratum in Tel Hazor shows signs of catastrophic fire from around 1200 BCE?
A) Stratum XIII
B) Stratum X
C) Stratum VII
D) Stratum III
- 92. Cuneiform tablets found at Tel Hazor refer to monarchs named what?
A) Merneptah
B) Ibni Addi
C) Ramses
D) Thutmose
- 93. What may be the etymological origin of the biblical name Yavin (Jabin)?
A) Hazor
B) Canaan
C) Addi
D) Ibni
- 94. Who believes that recently unearthed evidence of violent destruction by burning verifies the biblical account of Hazor?
A) Israel Finkelstein
B) Amnon Ben-Tor
C) John Garstang
D) Sharon Zuckerman
- 95. In what year did Amnon Ben-Tor and Sharon Zuckerman discover a scorched palace from the 13th century BC?
A) 2012
B) 2018
C) 1998
D) 2005
- 96. Who claimed that the burning of Hazor was the result of the city's numerous factions opposing each other?
A) Amnon Ben-Tor
B) Sharon Zuckerman
C) Richard Elliot Friedman
D) Kathleen Kenyon
- 97. According to Richard Elliot Friedman, the destruction of Hazor fits best with which biblical figure defeating the king of Hazor?
A) The prophetess Deborah
B) Pharaoh Ramses
C) Moses
D) Joshua
- 98. Which animal's use is cited as an anachronism in 1 Samuel 30:17?
A) Elephants
B) Camels
C) Donkeys
D) Horses
- 99. How is the troop size described in 2 Samuel 17:1?
A) Gargantuan
B) Non-existent
C) Extremely small
D) Average for the period
- 100. Whose paramilitary and servants are referenced in the text as evidence of a later date?
A) Babylonians
B) Assyrians
C) Kushites
D) Persians
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