A) The copying of one RNA to another B) The degradation of RNA molecules C) The synthesis of DNA from RNA D) The translation of RNA into protein
A) Reverse transcriptases B) Ribosomal peptide synthetases C) DNA-dependent RNA polymerases D) RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
A) In many eukaryotes B) Only in prokaryotes C) Only in prions D) Exclusively in bacterial plasmids
A) Nonribosomal peptide synthesis B) Intein excision C) DNA replication D) RNA silencing
A) The conversion of proteins into RNA B) The creation of DNA from a protein template C) An RNA sequence being altered by a protein complex and a guide RNA D) The destruction of messenger RNA
A) It cannot flow back from protein to nucleic acid B) It is immediately destroyed by enzymes C) It must be converted into carbohydrates D) It can easily flow back to nucleic acid
A) The replication of prions in host cells B) The direct translation of proteins back into DNA C) The synthesis of RNA without a DNA template D) Editing of protein amino-acid sequences by appropriate enzymes after translation
A) Yes B) Only in viruses C) Only in eukaryotes D) No
A) Ribosomes B) Nonribosomal peptide synthetases C) Homing endonucleases D) RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
A) Cyclic or branched structures and non-proteinogenic amino acids B) Double-stranded nucleic acid backbones C) Linear structures and standard amino acids only D) Lack of any peptide bonds
A) Prion proteins B) Most DNA polymerases C) Some of the antibiotics D) All ribosomal enzymes
A) A parasitic segment of a protein that is able to excise itself B) A non-proteinogenic amino acid C) A type of virus that replicates RNA D) A guide RNA used in RNA editing
A) Destroys the entire protein backbone B) Excises itself from the chain and rejoins the remaining portions C) Converts the protein into a nucleic acid D) Replicates the ribosomal RNA
A) A nonribosomal peptide synthetase domain B) An RNA silencing domain C) A prion conformation domain D) A homing endonuclease or HEG domain
A) The DNA double-stranded break repair mechanism B) The reversal of the central dogma C) The immediate degradation of the host cell D) The synthesis of nonribosomal antibiotics
A) Small RNA-dependent polymerases found in eukaryotes B) Nonribosomal peptide synthetases C) Proteins of particular amino acid sequences in particular conformations D) Enzymes that edit RNA sequences
A) By copying their own nucleic acid sequences B) By translating RNA directly into new prions C) By making conformational changes in other molecules of protein with the same amino acid sequence D) By excising themselves from protein backbones
A) Nucleic acid → Protein → Nucleic acid B) Protein → Nucleic acid C) Protein → Protein D) RNA → DNA → Protein
A) Alain E. Bussard and Eugene Koonin B) Rosalind Ridley C) Not mentioned in the text D) Watson and Crick
A) The prion hypothesis is not heretical to the central dogma because it does not claim that proteins replicate B) Proteins are capable of manufacturing nucleic acid sequences C) Prions prove that information flows backward from proteins to DNA D) The prion hypothesis completely destroys the central dogma by proving protein replication
A) Francis Crick B) James Watson C) Rosalind Franklin D) Gregor Mendel
A) 1965 B) 1958 C) 1970 D) 1955
A) 1970 B) 1958 C) 1965 D) 1980
A) Watson and Crick B) Gregor Mendel C) James Watson D) Francis Crick
A) 1965 B) 1975 C) 1958 D) 1970
A) Neither remains valid B) Crick's original version C) Watson's version D) Both are equally valid
A) Branched homopolymers B) Cross-linked polysaccharides C) Circular lipids D) Linear heteropolymers
A) Three B) Four C) Two D) One
A) Random and spontaneous B) Faithful, deterministic transfers C) Chaotic and reversible D) Inconsistent and unstable
A) Four B) One C) Three D) Two
A) Monomers B) Templates C) Polymers D) Codons
A) Plant chloroplasts B) Somatic cells C) Bacterial ribosomes D) Human mitochondria
A) Transcription factors B) Ribosomes C) The replisome D) RNA polymerase
A) Complementary daughter strand B) Template mRNA strand C) Pre-mRNA transcript D) Polypeptide chain
A) Transcription B) Replication C) Splicing D) Translation
A) Mature mRNA B) Complementary DNA C) Pre-mRNA D) Polypeptide
A) Translation B) Splicing C) Duplication D) Replication
A) At a ribosome B) At the Golgi apparatus C) Inside the cell nucleus D) Within the endoplasmic reticulum
A) The nuclear pore B) The cell nucleus C) The nucleolus D) The cytoplasm
A) AUG B) UGA C) UAG D) UAA
A) Adenine-thymine-guanine B) Adenine-uracil-cytosine C) Alanine-uracil-glycine D) Adenine-uracil-guanine
A) AUG B) GUA C) UAA D) UCA
A) AUG B) ACC C) MET D) UGA
A) UAG B) ACU C) GUU D) AUG
A) Codons B) Retroviruses C) Inteins D) Cofactors
A) Elongation factors B) Initiation factors C) Chaperone proteins D) Reverse Transcriptase
A) Albert Einstein B) August Weismann C) Jacques Monod D) Horace Freeland Judson
A) As central dogma B) As absolute truths C) Without foundation D) As experimentally proven
A) Universal acceptance B) Extensive experimental support C) Little direct experimental support D) No theoretical backing
A) Horace Freeland Judson B) Jacques Monod C) August Weismann D) Francis Crick
A) A catch phrase B) A religious law C) A proven fact D) A sacred truth
A) Francis Crick B) August Weismann C) Jacques Monod D) Horace Freeland Judson
A) 1882 B) 1953 C) 1892 D) 1900
A) Somatic B) Temporary C) Immortal D) Disposable
A) Immortal B) Germline C) Permanent D) Disposable
A) Non-molecular terms B) Quantum terms C) Molecular terms D) Religious terms |