A) 1928 B) 1927 C) 1926 D) 1925
A) Leonid Mandelstam B) Erwin Schrödinger C) Friedrich Hund D) George Gamow
A) A semiconductor diode B) A single-well potential C) An infinite potential well D) A double-well potential
A) Yakov Frenkel B) Ralph Fowler C) Lothar Nordheim D) Leonid Mandelstam
A) Brian Josephson B) Ralph Fowler C) J. Robert Oppenheimer D) Walter Schottky
A) Scanning tunnelling microscopy B) Thermionic emission and reflection of electrons from metals C) Alpha decay half-lives D) Superconducting energy gaps
A) 0% B) Variable C) 100% D) 50%
A) 1928 B) 1926 C) 1931 D) 1927
A) Superconductivity B) Thermionic emission C) Field emission D) Alpha decay
A) Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever B) Lothar Nordheim and Ralph Fowler C) Friedrich Hund and Leonid Mandelstam D) George Gamow, Ronald Gurney, and Edward Condon
A) Between the half-life of the particle and the energy of emission B) Between barrier width and current voltage C) Between magnetic field and superconductivity D) Between temperature and electrical resistance
A) Tunneleffekt B) Wellenmechanischer Tunneleffekt C) Tunnelierung D) Quantenbarriere
A) Walter Schottky B) George Gamow C) Lothar Nordheim D) Yakov Frenkel
A) Wave-particle duality B) Atomic imaging C) Penetration of, or leaking through, a barrier D) Reflection of electrons from metals
A) Leo Esaki B) Gerd Binnig C) Brian Josephson D) Ivar Giaever
A) A superconductor circuit B) A diode C) A thermionic emitter D) A scanning tunnelling microscope
A) Brian Josephson B) Ivar Giaever C) Leo Esaki D) Heinrich Rohrer
A) Atomic resolution images B) The superconducting energy gap C) Macroscopic quantum states D) The half-life of alpha particles
A) John Clarke B) Leo Esaki C) Brian Josephson D) Ivar Giaever
A) Binnig, Rohrer, and Esaki B) Esaki, Giaever, and Josephson C) Gamow, Gurney, and Condon D) Clarke, Martinis, and Devoret
A) Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer B) Friedrich Hund and Walter Schottky C) John Clarke and John M. Martinis D) Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever
A) Observing macroscopic quantum circuits B) Imaging surfaces at the atomic level C) Measuring semiconductor diode resistance D) Detecting alpha decay half-lives
A) 1986 B) 2025 C) 1973 D) 1981
A) Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer, and Brian Josephson B) Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, and Lothar Nordheim C) George Gamow, Ronald Gurney, and Edward Condon D) John Clarke, John M. Martinis, and Michel H. Devoret
A) 1927 and 1928 B) 1981 and 1986 C) 1957 and 1960 D) 1984 and 1985
A) Two semiconductor diodes separated by a nanometre barrier B) A scanning tip and an atomic surface C) A double-well potential and an electron emitter D) Two superconductors separated by a thin non-conducting layer of material
A) As classical electrons with random thermal motion B) In unison, as if a single particle filling the entire circuit C) As separate Cooper pairs with independent tunnelling rates D) Individually with a 100% reflection probability
A) Magnetic fields B) Charged particles C) Energy gaps D) Electrical resistance
A) Edward Condon B) Lothar Nordheim C) Ronald Gurney D) George Gamow
A) J. Robert Oppenheimer B) Friedrich Hund C) Walter Schottky D) Erwin Schrödinger
A) Thermal radiation B) Classical relativity C) Quantum indeterminacy D) Magnetic attraction
A) Schrödinger equation B) Newton's second law C) Maxwell's equations D) Einstein's field equation
A) It remains constant B) It increases linearly C) It decreases exponentially D) It fluctuates randomly
A) High-density particles B) Low-mass particles C) Charged macroscopic objects D) Neutral heavy elements
A) Neutron stars B) Photons C) Atoms D) Molecules of water
A) Flash memory B) Vacuum tubes C) Resistors D) Copper wiring
A) Light phase-contrast microscope B) Electron transmission microscope C) Atomic force microscope D) Scanning tunnelling microscope
A) Thermal expansion B) Optical diffraction C) Mechanical friction D) Tunnelling
A) Thinner than about 1 nm B) Around 1 millimeter C) Exactly 5 micrometers D) Thicker than 10 nm
A) Late 19th century B) Mid-19th century C) Early 20th century D) Early 21st century
A) Mid-century B) Late 20th century C) Early 20th century D) The 21st century
A) Thermodynamics B) Classical mechanics C) Quantum mechanics D) Acoustics
A) A wave crashing on a shore B) A ball trying to roll over a hill C) A car driving through a tunnel D) A pendulum swinging in a vacuum
A) It stops and floats B) It teleports to the other side C) It rolls back down D) It tunnels through the hill
A) Wave collapse B) Tunnelling effect C) Particle annihilation D) Quantum entanglement
A) The wave function B) The WKB approximation C) The potential barrier D) The Schrödinger equation
A) Optical prisms B) Most complex problems C) Semiclassical barriers D) Rectangular barriers
A) Exact analytical formulas B) Critical angle calculations C) Numerical solutions D) Visual animations
A) Algebraic formulations B) Semiclassical methods C) Total internal reflection D) Single photon counting
A) Only subatomic particle decay B) Important macroscopic physical phenomena C) Macroscopic gravitational waves D) Macroscopic thermodynamic equilibrium
A) Perfect electrical insulation B) Current leakage C) Enhanced magnetic shielding D) Increased signal speed
A) How fast their clock speed runs B) How long their battery life lasts C) How high their operating voltage can be D) How small they can be made
A) Increasing depletion layer thickness B) Programming floating gates C) Cooling semiconductor junctions D) Enhancing thermionic emission
A) Standard alkaline batteries B) Magnetic compasses C) Incandescent light bulbs D) Some electron microscopes
A) The incandescent light bulb B) The cathode ray tube C) The standard relay switch D) The multijunction solar cell
A) When a magnetic field is applied B) When they are cooled to absolute zero C) When they are heavily doped D) When the barrier thickness exceeds 3 nm
A) When no voltage bias is present B) When a large reverse bias is applied C) When the temperature is raised significantly D) When a small forward bias is applied
A) Long-range radio transmitters B) High speed devices C) High power heating elements D) Low frequency audio amplifiers
A) Open wire state B) Cold emission state C) Reverse bias D) Superconducting state
A) Like an exponential current leakage B) Like an open wire C) Like a thermionic emission D) Like a blocked insulator
A) Bohr model B) Drude-Lorentz model C) Drude-Binnig model D) Standard model
A) Time B) Temperature C) Mass D) Distance
A) Magnetic levitation springs B) Piezoelectric rods C) Hydraulic micro-pistons D) Thermal expansion wires
A) Photosynthesis B) Proton decay C) Radioactive decay D) Enzymatic catalysis
A) Nuclear fusion B) Electron capture C) Proton decay D) Neutron scattering
A) Oxygen ions with free electrons B) Hydrogen ions with hydrogen molecules C) Formaldehyde with water ice D) Deuterium with helium nuclei
A) Deuterium B) Helium-3 C) Carbon-14 D) Tritium
A) Coulomb barrier heights B) Zero-point vibrational energies C) Event horizon temperatures D) Wave function amplitudes
A) Albert Einstein B) Erwin Schrödinger C) Per-Olov Lowdin D) R. P. Bell
A) Water ice B) Molecular hydrogen C) Deuterium hydride D) Formaldehyde
A) Cellular division B) Spontaneous DNA mutation C) Enzymatic catalysis D) Proton decay
A) Spontaneous DNA mutation B) Enzymatic catalysis C) Cellular respiration D) Photosynthesis
A) An ionic salt bridge B) A covalent peptide bond C) A hydrogen bond D) A van der Waals interaction
A) Escape the DNA molecule completely B) Tunnel into the deepest core of the nucleus C) Absorb a photon from interstellar clouds D) Tunnel into the shallower well
A) Electron capture B) An isotopic substitution C) Evanescent coupling D) A tautomeric transition
A) Max Planck B) R. P. Bell C) Erwin Schrödinger D) Per-Olov Lowdin
A) Subsurface oceans B) Black holes C) Stellar cores D) Interstellar clouds
A) Radiation B) Electrons for capture C) Deuterium molecules D) Heavy hydrogen ions
A) The potential energy B) The particle mass C) The Schrödinger wave function D) The reduced Planck constant
A) Evanescent waves B) Rising and falling exponentials C) Travelling waves D) Stationary bound states
A) Medium B B) A potential barrier C) Medium A D) An event horizon
A) Medium B B) Medium A C) A circumstellar habitable zone D) A travelling wave medium
A) They completely replaced the Schrödinger equation B) They form the foundation of all modern quantum chemistry chapters C) Their ideas have not been incorporated into physics textbooks D) They were proven entirely mathematically false
A) Real-valued functions B) Dimensionless scaling parameters C) Purely imaginary constants D) Complex-valued functions with zero real parts
A) ħ2 B) ħ0 C) ħ1 D) ħ-1
A) Infinite potential well confinement B) Classical motion C) Wave packet dispersion D) Quantum tunnelling
A) At the exact center of a rectangular barrier B) Near the classical turning points C) Where the particle energy is extremely high D) Far away from the potential hill
A) E > V(x) B) E = V(x) C) E < V(x) D) E = 0
A) Spherical harmonics B) Gaussian functions C) Legendre polynomials D) Airy functions
A) Ψ(x) B) T(E) C) R(E) D) Φ(x)
A) Herbert Winful B) A. M. Steinberg C) Günter Nimtz D) Francis E. Low
A) Günter Nimtz B) A. M. Steinberg C) Francis E. Low D) Herbert Winful
A) Randomly B) Non-locally C) Instantly D) Locally
A) Only in integrable systems B) Only for photons C) Yes D) No
A) Linear magnetic fields B) Electrostatic potential wells C) Harmonic oscillators D) Nonlinear resonances
A) Maxwell's wave-equation B) The Schrödinger equation C) The heat equation D) The Navier-Stokes equation
A) Non-dispersive wave-equation B) Stochastic differential equation C) Dispersive quantum equation D) Non-linear diffusion equation
A) Water B) Vacuum C) Quartz D) Glass
A) Air B) Free space C) Glass D) Vacuum
A) Liquid B) Solid C) Gas D) Vacuum |