A) Because they have greater empirical content. B) Because they are more aesthetically pleasing. C) Because they require less computational power. D) Because they are easier to memorize.
A) Simpler theories are impossible to falsify. B) Simpler theories are always proven true. C) Simpler theories are less testable than complex ones. D) Simpler theories are more easily falsifiable.
A) Complex theories are always more informative. B) The simplest theory is more informative because it requires less information. C) Simplicity is irrelevant to informativeness. D) Informativeness has no connection to scientific hypothesis.
A) It failed to provide an epistemic justification for simplicity. B) He stopped believing in the importance of scientific theory. C) He decided that informativeness was a bad metric. D) He discovered that simple theories are always wrong.
A) Proven it mathematically. B) Denied its existence entirely. C) Combined it with complexity. D) Hypostatized it.
A) When embedded in a specific context. B) Only when data is absent. C) Only in mathematical equations. D) In all situations universally.
A) The question 'why be rational?' B) The question 'why do atoms exist?' C) The question 'why is the sky blue?' D) The question 'why does gravity exist?'
A) Aesthetic grounds. B) Political grounds. C) Practical grounds. D) Logical grounds.
A) As less likely to be accurate. B) As purely an aesthetic preference. C) As more likely to be true. D) As identical in probability to others.
A) It is a physical law of nature. B) It is an ultimate a priori epistemic principle. C) It has no relationship to truth. D) It is a social construct.
A) Science is redundant. B) Science is perfectly objective. C) Science is too complex. D) Science is irrational.
A) The Principle of Relativity. B) The Law of Entropy. C) Statistical Mechanics. D) Underdetermination.
A) Either science is complete or simplicity is an illusion. B) Either data is useless or complexity is preferred. C) Either science is irrational or simplicity is a synthetic a priori truth. D) Either truth exists or science is a hobby.
A) When the complex theory explains the data better. B) When both explain the data equally well. C) When there is no data available. D) When the simple theory is mathematically incorrect.
A) E. T. Jaynes and David J. C. MacKay. B) Harold Jeffreys and E. T. Jaynes. C) James O. Berger and Harold Jeffreys. D) William H. Jefferys and David J. C. MacKay.
A) Only for mathematical theories. B) No. C) Only for complex models. D) Yes.
A) The reduction of adjustable parameters. B) The balance between overfitting and underfitting. C) The increase in prior bias. D) The sum of marginal and conditional probabilities.
A) Higher bias but lower variance. B) Lower bias but higher variance. C) Higher bias and higher variance. D) Lower bias and lower variance.
A) Lower variance and lower bias. B) Higher variance and higher bias. C) Higher variance but lower bias. D) Lower variance but higher bias.
A) Entia non sunt B) Lex parsimoniae C) Philosophia Christiana D) Novacula Occami
A) William of Ockham B) Thomas Aquinas C) Libert Froidmont D) John Punch
A) John Punch B) Robert Grosseteste C) Ptolemy D) William of Ockham
A) Maimonides B) Aristotle C) John Duns Scotus D) Ptolemy
A) Libert Froidmont B) John Duns Scotus C) Thomas Aquinas D) William of Ockham
A) Jesuit priest B) Dominican monk C) Benedictine monk D) Franciscan friar
A) Nominalism B) Existentialism C) Idealism D) Realism
A) Cogito ergo sum B) Numquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate C) Tabula rasa D) Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem
A) Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem B) Numquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate C) Frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora D) Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate
A) Quaestiones et decisiones B) Summa Totius Logicae C) Theological Lectures D) Sentences of Peter Lombard
A) Ernst Mach B) Thomas Aquinas C) Isaac Newton D) Bertrand Russell
A) Ernst Mach B) Theodore Woodward C) Ray Solomonoff D) Isaac Newton
A) Zebras B) Exotic diseases C) Rare animals D) Horses
A) Thomas Aquinas B) Ray Solomonoff C) Theodore Woodward D) Ernst Mach
A) Epistemological B) Historical C) Aesthetic D) Theological
A) Inefficiency B) Probability C) Spareness D) Complexity
A) Categorizing medical diagnoses B) Establishing aesthetic standards C) Defining theological morality D) Prediction based upon observations
A) The falsifiability criterion. B) The consensus of the scientific community. C) The mathematical proof of data. D) The principle of absolute truth.
A) John Dalton. B) Isaac Newton. C) Max Planck. D) Christiaan Huygens.
A) Elliott Sober B) George C. Williams C) Richard Dawkins D) Francis Crick
A) Ecosystems B) Individuals C) Groups D) Genes
A) Sharing food resources among adults B) Forming a defensive circle against wolves C) Displaying dominance through horn clashing D) Migrating in large herds across frozen plains
A) Genealogy and similarity B) Overall similarity C) Geographic range D) Synapomorphies
A) The inability to use DNA data B) Statistical inconsistency C) The reliance on external physical traits D) The lack of mathematical rigor
A) Richard Dawkins B) Elliott Sober C) Francis Crick D) George C. Williams
A) Agnostic B) Atheist C) Pantheist D) Christian
A) Through human reason B) Only through faith C) Through scientific discovery D) Through logical proof
A) The Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit B) Quinque viae C) Methodological naturalism D) Materialism
A) William of Ockham B) George Berkeley C) Søren Kierkegaard D) Pierre-Simon Laplace
A) Material objects B) The interaction of atoms C) Scientific laws D) The mind alone
A) He believed in atheism B) Matter was not required by his metaphysics C) Matter was proven to not exist D) He rejected the mind's existence
A) An explicit denial of Christian theology B) The power of methodological naturalism C) A proof that God does not exist D) A rejection of all philosophical reasoning
A) Experience B) Material proof only C) Infinite complexity D) Emotional desire
A) Dale Jacquette B) J. J. C. Smart C) Folk psychologists D) Paul Churchland
A) 2000 B) 1994 C) 1959 D) 1984
A) Fear B) Neuroscience C) Dualism D) Physical reality
A) Retributive justice. B) Restorative justice. C) Legal realism. D) Natural law theory.
A) Kolmogorov complexity. B) Sensitivity testing. C) Retributive sentencing. D) The Free energy principle alone.
A) The Kolmogorov-Chaitin approach. B) Simple Turing machine analysis. C) The parsimony principle of Bentham. D) Bayesian model comparison.
A) A penal theory framework. B) A restorative justice model. C) A Bayesian factor. D) A Turing machine.
A) A highly complex binary sequence B) Approximately the same length description C) A randomly generated set of rules D) An infinite amount of memory
A) Jürgen Schmidhuber B) David L. Dowe C) Marcus Hutter D) Chris Wallace
A) The data itself B) The set of evidence C) The Kolmogorov complexity D) Describing the program
A) Needham B) Chris Wallace C) Jürgen Schmidhuber D) Marcus Hutter
A) Universal Turing machine design B) Algorithmic probability research C) Decision tree induction D) Data encryption analysis
A) Lewis White Beck B) Francis Crick C) Galileo Galilei D) Tim Berners-Lee
A) Francis Crick B) Quine C) Lewis White Beck D) Tim Berners-Lee
A) Immanuel Kant B) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz C) Walter Chatton D) Karl Menger
A) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz B) Alfred Jarry C) Walter Chatton D) Karl Menger
A) Careless with evidence B) Extravagant with theories C) Unfocused on simplicity D) Parsimonious with variables
A) Crabtree's Bludgeon B) 'Pataphysics C) The Law Against Miserliness D) The Principle of Plenitude
A) Alfred Jarry B) R. V. Jones C) Jorge Luis Borges D) Igor Mazin
A) The Law Against Miserliness B) The principle of plenitude C) Inverse Occam's razor D) Crabtree's Bludgeon
A) 1985 B) 2012 C) 1285 D) 1902
A) William of Ockham B) Deborah Hyde C) Karl Derrick D) Neil Davies
A) A mathematical formula B) A portrait of Alfred Jarry C) The face of William of Ockham D) A double-edged safety razorblade
A) Carpe diem B) In vino veritas C) Cogito, ergo sum D) Se non è vero, è ben trovato
A) R. V. Jones B) Igor Mazin C) Jorge Luis Borges D) Arthur Lovejoy |