A) Molecular weight B) Chemical composition C) Atomic number D) Emission spectra
A) Water B) Oxygen C) NBD D) Glucose
A) Absence of aromatic rings B) Symmetric electron groups on the same side C) Electron-donating and withdrawing groups on opposite ends of an aromatic ring D) Heavy metal ions in the center
A) Solvent relaxation B) Dipole stabilization C) Photon absorption D) Molecular decay
A) 10–100 ps B) 0.5–3 ms C) 1–10 seconds D) 1–10 ns
A) Lipper-Mataga equation B) Beer-Lambert law C) Stokes-Shift theorem D) Einstein-Planck equation
A) Fluorescent and phosphorescent B) Excitation and emission C) Hydrophobic and hydrophilic D) Environment-sensitive and solvatochromic
A) 100–500 ns B) 1–10 ns C) 0.5–3 ms D) 10–100 ps
A) It becomes multiexponential B) It becomes linear C) It becomes shorter D) It disappears completely
A) Dansyl B) Cascade Yellow C) Pyrene D) Dapoxyl
A) 1 to 10 ns B) 10 to 100 ps C) 10 to 50 μs D) 0.5 to 3 ms
A) Simultaneous absorption of two low-energy photons B) Conversion of heat into light C) Absorption of a single high-energy photon D) Emitting two photons simultaneously
A) Larger Stokes shift changes in different solvents B) Smaller excitation energy C) Constant fluorescence intensity D) Faster solvent relaxation
A) No, these properties are independent B) Yes, hydrophobic dyes are always solvatochromic C) Yes, solvatochromic dyes are always hydrophobic D) Yes, they are synonymous
A) 100 to 500 ms B) 10 ns to 10 μs C) 1 to 10 ns D) 0.5 to 3 ms
A) 200 nm B) 1600 nm C) 400 nm D) 800 nm
A) Emission spectra B) Dipole moment C) Photodestruction lifetime D) Stokes shift
A) pH B) Polarity C) Temperature D) Pressure
A) Deep-convolutional neural network B) Support vector machine C) Generative adversarial network D) Recurrent neural network
A) A few microseconds B) A few seconds C) A few nanoseconds D) A few milliseconds
A) Emitted light has equal energy B) Energy remains unchanged during emission C) Emitted light has lower energy D) Emitted light has higher energy
A) Enzymatic reaction on a substrate B) Forbidden transitions from a triplet state C) Rapid transitions from a singlet state D) Lack of excitation light
A) Fluorescence in living cells B) Inorganic phosphorescence C) Radioactive emission D) Biological chemiluminescence
A) Pure organic fluorophores B) Transition metal-ligand complexes C) Simple inorganic salts D) Radioactive isotopes
A) Does not require radiological controls B) It is naturally occurring in all cells C) It is always non-toxic D) It does not change molecular properties
A) Fluorescence quenching B) Lack of high-intensity lasers C) High cost of reagents D) Inability to detect low concentrations
A) Inability to detect them in live cells B) Interference with normal biological processes C) Excessive radiation emission D) Requiring constant dark conditions
A) Fast radiative energy transfer B) Fluorescence resonance electronic transition C) Fluorescence radiative emission technology D) Förster resonance energy transfer
A) The mass of the protein B) Radioactive decay of the protein C) Contact between labeled proteins D) The exact sequence of amino acids
A) Using radioactive tracers B) Applying chemical stains to all cells C) Directly measuring radiation from the cells D) Converting bright-field images into fluorescent images
A) Fluorescence B) Phosphorescence C) Radioactivity D) Chemiluminescence
A) Resonance activation B) Extrinsic emission C) Quantum fluorescence D) Autofluorescence
A) Glucose B) NADH C) Water D) Adenosine triphosphate
A) Logarithmically related B) Inversely proportional C) Exponentially related D) Directly proportional
A) Absorbed photons minus emitted photons B) Stokes shift plus lifetime C) Excitation wavelength divided by emission wavelength D) Quantum yield multiplied by extinction coefficient
A) Thiol B) Hydroxyl C) Amino D) Carboxyl
A) Metallic bonds B) Delocalized electrons C) Proton transfer D) Ionic lattice structures
A) Gold, Silver, or Copper B) Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel C) Ruthenium, Rhenium, or Osmium D) Zinc, Magnesium, or Calcium
A) Succinimide coupling B) Hydrophobicity C) Click chemistry D) Maleimide conjugation
A) 2p orbits B) 4f orbits C) 5s orbits D) 3d orbits
A) DNA B) Green fluorescent protein C) Phycoerythrin D) NADH
A) Lipid membranes B) Semiconductor nanoparticles C) Jellyfish enzymes D) Organic proteins
A) Phytofluors B) Aequorea victoria C) Anthozoa D) Allophycocyanin
A) By absorbing glucose B) Upon folding via specific residues C) By binding to a metallic cofactor D) Through external heat application
A) Fungi B) Corals (Anthozoa) C) Bacteria D) Mammalian skin
A) Mixing quantum dots with GFP B) Monitoring multiple nucleic acid sequences simultaneously C) Using only one fluorophore for many samples D) Running qPCR without a fluorophore
A) Measuring cell division rates B) Calculating the volume of an organelle C) Studying protein-ligand binding D) Visualizing DNA replication sites
A) An enzyme B) A radioactive isotope C) A heavy metal ion D) A fluorophore
A) SYBR Green B) Rhodamine C) Fluorescein D) DAPI
A) Zinc protoporphyrin B) Bilirubin C) Ethidium bromide D) Hemoglobin
A) A pinhole B) A specialized laser filter C) A high-speed shutter D) A monochromatic lens
A) A real-time moving video B) A spectroscopic analysis C) A quantitative, 3D view D) A 2D surface projection |