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Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality of Joan of Arc - Quiz
Contributed by: Halliday
  • 1. According to Kelly DeVries, who has been the subject of more study than any other person of the Middle Ages?
A) Charles VII
B) Joan of Arc
C) Vita Sackville-West
D) Jules Quicherat
  • 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways Kelly DeVries states Joan of Arc has been portrayed?
A) Capitalist exploiter
B) Marxist liberator
C) Saint
D) Demented teenager
  • 3. Who was one of the first modern writers to raise issues of Joan of Arc's sexuality?
A) Vita Sackville-West
B) Kelly DeVries
C) Régine Pernoud
D) Marina Warner
  • 4. In what year was Vita Sackville-West's book 'Saint Joan of Arc' published?
A) 1429
B) 1990
C) 2005
D) 1936
  • 5. What reason did Vita Sackville-West indirectly suggest for Joan of Arc potentially being a lesbian?
A) Sharing a bed with girls and women
B) Dressing in male clothing
C) Refusing to marry Charles VII
D) Leading an army into battle
  • 6. What common medieval practice is cited as the prominent rebuttal to Vita Sackville-West's bed-sharing theory?
A) Hermits sleeping outdoors
B) Guards sleeping in prisoners' cells
C) Knights sharing tents during campaigns
D) Women sharing beds with one another
  • 7. Who called Vita Sackville-West's book 'dead wrong but fun'?
A) Bonnie Wheeler
B) Leslie Feinberg
C) Susan Crane
D) Régine Pernoud
  • 8. Bonnie Wheeler is associated with which organization?
A) Académie française
B) Centre Jeanne d'Arc
C) International Joan of Arc Society
D) Inquisition of the Catholic church
  • 9. To what does Régine Pernoud credit Joan's clothing?
A) Her romantic feelings for female companions
B) Necessity and her belief that it was ordained by God
C) A desire to usurp a man's function entirely
D) An attempt to hide her true noble identity
  • 10. According to Guillaume Manchon's testimony at the Rehabilitation trial, why did Joan complain about not being able to do without male clothing?
A) To make it easier to ride horses into battle
B) Because it was required by Marie Robine's prophecy
C) Because women's clothing was illegal in France
D) Fearing that the guards would violate her in the night
  • 11. Which officials did Joan complain to regarding a guard attempting to rape her?
A) The Bishop of Beauvais, the Vice-Inquisitor, and Master Nicholas Loiseleur
B) Vita Sackville-West, Bonnie Wheeler, and Régine Pernoud
C) Jules Quicherat, Bouzy, and Gerson
D) Charles VII, Gérard Machet, and Jacques Gelu
  • 12. What link does Marina Warner argue existed in pre-industrial Europe?
A) Between heresy and standard Catholic dogma
B) Between warfare and peasant status
C) Between bed-sharing and lesbianism
D) Between transvestism and priestly functions
  • 13. According to Marina Warner, what third order did Joan occupy through her transvestism?
A) A strictly male divine warrior class
B) A Marxist liberator class
C) Neither male nor female, an androgyne
D) A traditional female religious martyr category
  • 14. Which center has been working on a re-edition of Jules Quicherat's Procès de Jeanne d'Arc under the direction of the Académie française?
A) The University of Paris
B) The Inquisition
C) Centre Jeanne d'Arc in Orleans
D) International Joan of Arc Society
  • 15. According to Bouzy, what characterizes Jules Quicherat's work which forms the basis of most modern scholarship on Joan?
A) Flawless transcription of all original trial records
B) A complete rejection of all theological treatises
C) Errors, selective editing, and manipulated versions of earlier documents
D) An exclusive focus on Leslie Feinberg's theories
  • 16. Which theological treatise ordered by Charles VII for Joan's rehabilitation is discussed in relation to her crossdressing?
A) Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation
B) Marie Robine's prophecy
C) Jacques Gelu's treatise
D) Gerson's tract
  • 17. How did Jules Quicherat criticize Jacques Gelu's treatise?
A) As an accurate transcription of the trial
B) As an "uninstructive hodgepodge"
C) As a brilliant foundational text for modern scholarship
D) As a dangerously heretical document
  • 18. According to Bouzy, what does Jacques Gelu's text show about prelates who supported Charles VII in 1429?
A) They were reluctant to accept a young girl dressed as a man
B) They believed she was an androgyne occupying a third order
C) They immediately recognized her as a transgender warrior
D) They insisted she share a bed with female companions
  • 19. Who was the hermit from Avignon whose prophecy convinced Gérard Machet that Joan was the expected girl?
A) Marie Robine
B) Joan Roughgarden
C) Anne Llewellyn Barstow
D) Vita Sackville-West
  • 20. Who was Charles VII's confessor whose conviction about Marie Robine's prophecy helped influence the King?
A) Guillaume Manchon
B) Jacques Gelu
C) Gérard Machet
D) Jules Quicherat
  • 21. Steven Weiskopf's text begins with a recording of Joan's death by whom?
A) The Bourgeois of Paris
B) The Bishop of Beauvais
C) Master Nicholas Loiseleur
D) The Vice-Inquisitor
  • 22. According to the Bourgeois of Paris's recording, why were Joan's clothes removed after she was burned to death?
A) To follow standard Inquisition execution protocols
B) To punish her for refusing to wear women's garments
C) To preserve her male clothing as a holy relic
D) To show the audience that she was indeed female and remove doubts
  • 23. Who offers the most literal explanation linking the Bourgeois's description to the crowd's fascination with Joan's sexual identity?
A) Bynum
B) Leslie Feinberg
C) Anne Llewellyn Barstow
D) Susan Crane
  • 24. What phrase does the Bourgeois write quizzically regarding Joan's identity?
A) "A male-identified trans person."
B) "Dead wrong but fun."
C) "What it was, God only knows."
D) "It pleases God that I wear it."
  • 25. In the Journal of Modern and Medieval Studies, what does Susan Crane argue that isolating transvestism from sexual identity risks?
A) Confirming Marie Robine's prophecy
B) Validating Jules Quicherat's editorial methods
C) Proving conclusively that Joan was a lesbian
D) Assuming heterosexuality is the only position and that self-presentation has nothing to do with sexuality
  • 26. What is Joan's repeated justification for her attire, as noted by Susan Crane?
A) "It pleases God that I wear it"
B) "What it was, God only knows."
C) "For nothing in the world will I renounce my identity"
D) "Fearing that the guards would violate her"
  • 27. How does Susan Crane distinguish Joan from traditional holy transvestites?
A) Joan refuses to engage in secular affairs
B) Joan renounces her female identity entirely to become an androgyne
C) Joan adopts male pronouns permanently
D) Joan lays claim to her virginity and womanhood instead of burying it, identifying as a fighter
  • 28. According to Bynum, how does Joan's continued engagement in secular affairs and secular cross-dressing affect her virginity?
A) It aligns her perfectly with traditional monastic cross-dressers
B) It proves she was a biological male
C) It moves her virginity beyond its canonical meanings, suggesting a revision of heterosexual identity
D) It destroys her claim to being a holy maiden
  • 29. Which transgender author popularized the notion of Joan of Arc being transgender in the book 'Transgender Warriors'?
A) Leslie Feinberg
B) Bonnie Wheeler
C) Steven Weiskopf
D) Joan Roughgarden
  • 30. What is the title of the book by Leslie Feinberg that traces history from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman?
A) Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation
B) Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality
C) Transgender Warriors: Making History From Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman
D) Saint Joan of Arc
  • 31. Under what heading in 'Transgender Warriors' does Leslie Feinberg cite Evans and Murray regarding Joan's male costume?
A) They Called Her 'Hommasse'
B) Evolution's Rainbow
C) Procès de Jeanne d'Arc
D) Saint Joan of Arc
  • 32. How does transgender biologist Joan Roughgarden describe Joan of Arc in 'Evolution's Rainbow'?
A) As a proto-feminist aristocratic aspirant
B) As an androgyne occupying a third order
C) As a traditional medieval bed-sharer
D) As a "male-identified trans person"
  • 33. According to Leslie Feinberg in 'Transgender Liberation', why was Joan of Arc burned at the stake?
A) Because she refused to stop dressing as a man
B) Because she was convicted of witchcraft by Jacques Gelu
C) Because she failed to prove her virginity to the Bourgeois of Paris
D) Because she supported Marie Robine's prophecy
  • 34. What did Joan vow in her testimony regarding her clothing, according to court records cited by Leslie Feinberg?
A) "Dead wrong but fun."
B) "What it was, God only knows."
C) "It pleases God that I wear women's clothing."
D) "For nothing in the world will I swear not to arm myself and put on a man's dress."
  • 35. According to the text, what did Joan's judges in the verbatim proceedings of her interrogation find repugnant?
A) 她的 bed-sharing habits
B) Her refusal to engage in secular affairs
C) Her transvestism
D) Her support for Charles VII
  • 36. Which of the following descriptions was NOT used by Kelly DeVries to characterize how Joan of Arc has been portrayed?
A) Seer
B) Heretic
C) Absolute monarch
D) Religious zealot
  • 37. What was the common medieval practice used to rebut Vita Sackville-West's claim about Joan sharing a bed with women?
A) Warriors resting in communal tents during the Hundred Years War
B) Guards sleeping in the same quarters as prisoners for safety
C) Saints sleeping on stone floors as penance
D) Women sharing beds with one another without sexual connotations
  • 38. Whose testimony at the Rehabilitation trial did Régine Pernoud cite regarding Joan's complaints about guards attempting rape?
A) Guillaume Manchon
B) Gérard Machet
C) Jacques Gelu
D) Jules Quicherat
  • 39. According to Marina Warner, pre-industrial Europe saw a link between transvestism and what other function?
A) Monastic bed-sharing
B) Military leadership
C) Peasant labor
D) Priestly functions
  • 40. How does Marina Warner categorize Joan of Arc regarding her gender?
A) As a strict traditionalist
B) As a traditional heterosexual woman
C) As an androgyne
D) As a biological male
  • 41. Who is credited by Bouzy as forming the basis of most modern scholarship on Joan through the work 'Procès de Jeanne d'Arc'?
A) Marie Robine
B) Jules Quicherat
C) Jacques Gelu
D) Gerson
  • 42. What criticism does Bouzy level against Jules Quicherat's work?
A) It completely ignores Joan's cross-dressing
B) It was written entirely by Vita Sackville-West
C) It advocates for Joan as a Marxist liberator
D) It contains errors, selective editing, and manipulated versions of earlier documents
  • 43. According to Anne Llewellyn Barstow, why did both friend and foe "thirsted to know whether she was a man or a woman"?
A) Because Jules Quicherat's edits obscured her records
B) They were troubled by the notion that a woman could be a powerful war leader
C) Because she refused to sleep in prison cells
D) Because Marie Robine's prophecy demanded gender verification
  • 44. What phrase does Susan Crane argue is risked by isolating transvestism from sexual identity?
A) Confirming the validity of Jacques Gelu's treatise
B) Assuming heterosexuality is the only possible position for Joan
C) Denying that Joan had any religious faith
D) Proving that Joan was a transgender warrior
  • 45. Which scholar notes Joan's repeated justification of her attire as something that "pleases God that I wear it"?
A) Joan Roughgarden
B) Vita Sackville-West
C) Leslie Feinberg
D) Susan Crane
  • 46. What argument regarding protection against rape does Susan Crane dispute concerning Joan's behavior?
A) The argument that guards never attempted to violate her
B) The argument that Joan slept fully clothed in armor
C) The argument that male clothing served merely as protection against rape
D) The argument that she was forced into female garments by the Inquisition
  • 47. Bynum notes that Joan's engagement in secular affairs and secular cross-dressing does what to her virginity?
A) Aligns her with Marie Robine's prophecy
B) Proves she was a traditional religious cross-dresser
C) Queers her virginity, moving it beyond canonical meanings
D) Destroys her canonical status entirely
  • 48. What term does Leslie Feinberg use under a specific book heading to refer to Joan of Arc?
A) 'Seer'
B) 'Androgyne'
C) 'Hommasse'
D) 'Proto-feminist'
  • 49. Which biologist cites and agrees with Leslie Feinberg's assessment, describing Joan as a "male-identified trans person"?
A) Bonnie Wheeler
B) Steven Weiskopf
C) Kelly DeVries
D) Joan Roughgarden
  • 50. In which book does Joan Roughgarden describe Joan of Arc as a "male-identified trans person"?
A) Transgender Warriors
B) Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People
C) Saint Joan of Arc
D) Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation
  • 51. According to Leslie Feinberg in 'Transgender Liberation', why did Joan suffer the excruciating pain of being burned alive?
A) Rather than renounce her identity
B) Because she refused to answer Jacques Gelu's questions
C) Because she failed to convince Gérard Machet
D) Because she supported Jules Quicherat's edits
  • 52. What did Joan's judges demand that she wear during her interrogation proceedings?
A) Armor without weapons
B) Women's clothing
C) Traditional bed-sharing attire
D) Priestly robes
  • 53. Who is cited alongside Evans by Leslie Feinberg regarding the "enormous importance" of Joan's male costume?
A) Pernoud
B) Murray
C) Bynum
D) Crane
  • 54. According to the text, who wrote 'Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation'?
A) Kelly DeVries
B) Steven Weiskopf
C) Anne Llewellyn Barstow
D) Susan Crane
  • 55. Apart from Gerson's tract, what is noted about several other treatises ordered for Joan's rehabilitation?
A) They were all written by Jules Quicherat
B) They were fully edited and published by the Centre Jeanne d'Arc
C) They have never been translated and are likely to hold surprises
D) They prove conclusively that Joan was a lesbian
  • 56. How did English soldiers primarily refer to Joan of Arc during her life?
A) A prophet
B) A saint
C) A witch
D) A queen
  • 57. At what age was Joan of Arc executed in the marketplace of Rouen?
A) Twenty-one
B) Nineteen
C) Twenty-five
D) Seventeen
  • 58. In what year was Joan executed in the marketplace of Rouen?
A) 1431
B) 1450
C) 1449
D) 1430
  • 59. Which Pope appointed the commission that organized Joan's rehabilitation trial?
A) Pope Urban II
B) Pope Gregory IX
C) Pope Pius II
D) Pope Calixtus III
  • 60. In what year were Normandy and Rouen restored to the French, allowing nullification proceedings to begin?
A) 1449
B) 1431
C) 1450
D) 1430
  • 61. Who dispatched a letter on 15 February 1450 ordering the creation of a commission to reexamine the Condemnation trial?
A) Bedford
B) Charles VII
C) Guillaume d'Estouteville
D) Pope Calixtus III
  • 62. During which siege was Joan of Arc captured?
A) Compiègne
B) Reims
C) Paris
D) Orléans
  • 63. Who handed Joan of Arc over to the English after her capture?
A) The Spanish
B) The Italians
C) The Germans
D) The Burgundians
  • 64. What document did Joan sign in which she agreed to cease wearing male clothing?
A) A writ
B) An indulgence
C) A concordat
D) A cedula
  • 65. Which saint cut off her hair, donned male attire, and joined a monastery as 'Father Marinos'?
A) Saint Marina
B) Saint Margaret
C) Saint Thecla
D) Saint Uncumber
  • 66. Who argued that 'sexuality is central to the construction of sanctity in the Middle Ages'?
A) Simon Gaunt
B) John Anson
C) William Shakespeare
D) Stith Thompson
  • 67. Which saint was a Portuguese princess who prayed to be saved from marrying the King of Sicily and grew a beard?
A) Saint Margaret
B) Saint Marina
C) Saint Thecla
D) Saint Uncumber
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