- 1. Who was responsible for the final compilation of the Tibetan Buddhist Canon in the 14th century?
A) Brian H. Hodgson
B) Zanabazar
C) Buton Rinchen Drub
D) Ligdan Khan
- 2. Which section of the Tibetan Canon consists of works supposed to have been spoken by the Buddha?
A) Shastras
B) Tengyur
C) Abhidharma
D) Kangyur
- 3. How many texts are contained within the Tengyur section of the Tibetan Canon?
A) 5,000
B) 1,000
C) 224
D) 3,626
- 4. Which of these is NOT mentioned as a major edition of the Tibetan Canon?
A) Tokyo edition
B) Peking edition
C) Lhasa edition
D) Derge edition
- 5. The Mongolian Buddhist Canon is primarily based on which other canon?
A) Pali Canon
B) Chinese Canon
C) Tibetan Buddhist canon
D) Sanskrit Canon
- 6. Which individual supervised a major project to finish translating and printing the Mongolian canon using woodblock printing?
A) Ligdan Khan
B) Qianlong Emperor
C) Zanabazar
D) Buton Rinchen Drub
- 7. Where is the unique collection of Sanskrit Buddhist texts primarily preserved?
A) Beijing
B) Kathmandu Valley
C) Calcutta
D) Lhasa
- 8. Who collected Sanskrit manuscripts from Nepal and sent them to academic institutions in Europe and Calcutta?
A) Brian H. Hodgson
B) Buton Rinchen Drub
C) Ligdan Khan
D) Zanabazar
- 9. Which scripts were used in Newar Buddhist texts?
A) Newā Lipi and Rañjana
B) Devanagari and Brahmi
C) Tibetan and Mongolian
D) Chinese and Pali
- 10. When did the translation project of the Mongolian canon supervised by Ligdan Khan and Zanabazar reach completion?
A) 17th century
B) 12th century
C) 19th century
D) 14th century
- 11. What does the term 'Tengyur' translate to?
A) Sacred Rituals
B) Translated Words of the Buddha
C) Translated Treatises or Shastras
D) Commentaries of the Buddha
- 12. What is a distinguishing feature of the Nepalese Buddhist textual tradition?
A) Lack of written manuscripts
B) Focus on Chinese translations
C) Emphasis on preserving Sanskrit originals
D) Exclusion of Vajrayana scriptures
- 13. What are the local clergy members of the Newar Buddhist community called?
A) Lamas and monks
B) śākyabhikṣus and vajrācāryas
C) Pundits and scholars
D) Khans and emperors
- 14. Besides Tibetan, from which other language canons were some texts in the Tibetan Kangyur translated?
A) Latin and Hindi
B) Chinese and Pali
C) Arabic and Greek
D) Japanese and Korean
- 15. What happened to Indian monasteries after the 12th century that impacted the Kathmandu Valley?
A) Destruction by Muslim conquests
B) Rapid technological growth
C) Migration to Europe
D) Conversion to Hinduism
- 16. Where in Sri Lanka was the project to write down the canon undertaken?
A) Kandy
B) Anuradhapura
C) Colombo
D) Aluvihare, Matale
- 17. How many books make up the Tripiṭaka set mentioned in the text?
A) 50 books
B) 10 books
C) 32 books
D) 3 books
- 18. What is the English translation of the Vinaya Pitaka?
A) Basket of Special Doctrine
B) Basket of Discipline
C) Basket of Discourse
D) Basket of Wisdom
- 19. The structure and moral virtues of the Vinaya Pitaka have similarities to what other tradition's texts?
A) Shintoism
B) Jainism
C) Hinduism
D) Taoism
- 20. Which of these is NOT found in the Pali Canon according to the text?
A) Abhidhamma Pitaka
B) Mahayana Sutras
C) Vinaya Pitaka
D) Sutra Pitaka
- 21. During whose reign were the canons written down in books?
A) Siddhartha Gautama
B) Valagamba of Anuradhapura
C) Asoka
D) Kanishka
- 22. Approximately how many years after the Buddha's lifetime was the canon put into writing?
A) 1000 years
B) Nearly 500 years
C) 100 years
D) 200 years
- 23. In what year was the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya translated into Chinese?
A) 150 CE
B) 352 CE
C) 176 CE
D) 424 CE
- 24. Which scholar rejects the attribution of the Chinese Saṃyukta Āgama (T 100) to the Kāśyapīya school?
A) Guṇabhadra
B) Bingenheimer
C) Zhu Daosheng
D) Buddhajīva
- 25. Which emperor provided patronage to the Sarvāstivāda school?
A) Buddhaghoṣa
B) Kanishka II
C) Kanishka
D) Asoka
- 26. Where did the Sarvāstivāda school hold a council during the reign of Kanishka II?
A) Central Asia
B) North India
C) Afghanistan
D) Kashmir
- 27. What is the name of the main canonical Abhidharma text composed by the Sarvāstivāda school?
A) Dīrgha Āgama
B) Mahāvibhaṣa
C) Madhyama Āgama
D) Vinaya Piṭaka
- 28. Who translated the Madhyama Āgama (Taishō Tripiṭaka no. 26)?
A) Baoyun
B) Guṇabhadra
C) Gautama Saṃghadeva
D) Buddhajīva
- 29. Where was the nearly complete collection of Mūlasārvāstivāda sūtras recently discovered?
A) Nepal
B) China
C) Afghanistan
D) Kashmir
- 30. Which Chinese translator worked on the Mūlasārvāstivāda Saṃyukta Āgama (T 99)?
A) Baoyun
B) Buddhajīva
C) Zhu Daosheng
D) Gautama Saṃghadeva
- 31. Which manuscripts contain Mūlasārvāstivāda Āgamas and vinaya texts in Sanskrit?
A) Three Qin manuscripts
B) Gilgit manuscripts
C) Taishō Tripiṭaka
D) Nepalese manuscripts
- 32. The main canonical Abhidharma text of the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins is titled what?
A) Madhyama Āgama
B) Dīrgha Āgama
C) Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
D) Saṃyukta Āgama
- 33. Which school's Vinaya is preserved as Taishō Tripiṭaka 1421?
A) Sarvāstivāda
B) Kāśyapīya
C) Mūlasārvāstivāda
D) Mahīśāsaka
- 34. What is the English translation of the name Mahāsāṃghika?
A) Great Community
B) Great Teaching
C) Great Vehicle
D) Great Assembly
- 35. Which Mahāsāṃghika sect did Paramārtha state did not accept Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana?
A) Bahuśrutīya
B) Kukkuṭika
C) Ekavyāvahārika
D) Lokottaravāda
- 36. Which sect did Paramārtha identify as accepting Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana?
A) Lokottaravāda
B) Siddhārthika
C) Caitika
D) Kukkuṭika
- 37. Who is the attributed author of the Satyasiddhi Śāstra?
A) Buddhabhadra
B) Avalokitavrata
C) Harivarman
D) Paramārtha
- 38. According to the Theravādin Dīpavaṃsa, did the Mahāsāṃghikas have an Abhidharma?
A) They had only one book
B) Yes
C) They had a secret collection
D) No
- 39. Avalokitavrata associates the Mahāsāṃghika 'Great Āgama Piṭaka' with which Mahāyāna sūtra?
A) Prajñāparamitā
B) Satyasiddhi Śāstra
C) Vinaya
D) Mahāvastu
- 40. The Bahuśrutīya school is noted for including what in their canon?
A) Bodhisattva Piṭaka
B) Vidyādhāra Piṭaka
C) Vinaya Piṭaka
D) Great Āgama Piṭaka
- 41. Which of the following is a sub-sect of the Caitikas?
A) Kukkuṭika
B) Bahuśrutīya
C) Pūrvaśailas
D) Ekavyāvahārika
- 42. Which pilgrim mentioned Mahāsāṃghika Abhidharma?
A) Xuanzang
B) Harivarman
C) Bhāvaviveka
D) Avalokitavrata
- 43. In what language did the historical Buddha deliver his sermons?
A) Sanskrit
B) Magadhi Prakrit
C) Classical Mongolian
D) Classical Tibetan
- 44. What kind of works are found in the Abhidharma?
A) Traditional cooking recipes
B) Scholastic philosophical works
C) Biographies of monks
D) Poetic verses and hymns
- 45. How many aṅgas are typically listed in Pali sources?
A) Twelve
B) Nine
C) Ten
D) Eight
- 46. Which term refers to prose discourses that often begin with 'Thus have I heard'?
A) Avadāna
B) Gāthā
C) Sūtra
D) Udāna
- 47. Which category specifically denotes standalone didactic verses or poems?
A) Sūtra
B) Geya
C) Udāna
D) Gāthā
- 48. What is the function of the Nidāna in a discourse?
A) Details karmic results
B) Predicts future awakening
C) Explains events leading to the teaching
D) Provides miraculous accounts
- 49. Which category describes stories of the Buddha’s past lives as a bodhisattva?
A) Vyākaraṇa
B) Jātaka
C) Itivṛttaka
D) Avadāna
- 50. Which category involves predictions regarding the future awakening of disciples?
A) Upadeśa
B) Jātaka
C) Vyākaraṇa
D) Abhutadharma
- 51. What does 'Upadeśa' typically involve?
A) Detailed doctrinal instructions in Q&A format
B) Standalone poems
C) Prophecies of future awakening
D) Stories of virtuous deeds
- 52. According to Bhikkhu Anālayo, what do the aṅgas refer to in early Buddhist usage?
A) Textual types
B) Textual collections
C) The geographical origin of texts
D) The order of reading
- 53. Which of these is mentioned as a source containing the twelvefold division?
A) Upanishads
B) Ramayana
C) Lalitavistara
D) Vedas
- 54. What is the length of the Mahāsāṃghika Tripiṭaka according to Yijing?
A) 500,000 slokas
B) 100,000 slokas
C) 300,000 slokas
D) 200,000 slokas
- 55. What is the approximate length of the Saṃmitīya Tripiṭaka?
A) 400,000 slokas
B) 100,000 slokas
C) 200,000 slokas
D) 300,000 slokas
- 56. What term did Yijing use to describe the four principal schools of continuous tradition?
A) Modern traditions
B) Primary sects
C) Mahayana traditions
D) Arya traditions
- 57. How many different schools' Tripiṭaka is Xuanzang said to have brought to China?
A) Eighteen
B) Seven
C) Four
D) Five
- 58. Which of these is NOT one of the schools mentioned by Xuanzang as having brought texts to China?
A) Theravada
B) Dharmaguptaka
C) Mahīśāsaka
D) Kāśyapīya
- 59. According to Bu-ston, how many schools of Buddhism existed around or before the 1st century CE?
A) Seven
B) Twelve
C) Eighteen
D) Four
- 60. The Prajñaptivādins viewed all Buddha's teachings as having what kind of importance?
A) Ultimate
B) Provisional
C) Non-existent
D) Irrelevant
- 61. How many sūtras does the Dharmaguptaka Dīrgha Āgama contain?
A) 34
B) 5
C) 30
D) 125
- 62. Which scholar associates the Ekottara Āgama (Taishō 125) with the Dharmaguptaka school?
A) Dhammapala
B) A. K. Warder
C) Zhu Fonian
D) Buddhayaśas
- 63. Buddhist monastics in East Asia adhere to which Vinaya?
A) Theravāda
B) Prajñaptivāda
C) Sthavira
D) Dharmaguptaka
- 64. What is the traditional Chinese term for the Chinese Buddhist Canon?
A) Mahāyāna
B) Tripiṭaka
C) Abhidharma
D) Dàzàngjīng
- 65. Who created the 'Kaiyuan Era Catalogue' in 730?
A) Zhisheng
B) Wu
C) Chia
D) Taishō
- 66. What is the basic division structure introduced by Zhisheng?
A) Four-fold division
B) Six-fold division
C) Two-fold division
D) Eight-fold division
- 67. Which of these is a textual category found in the Chinese Buddhist Canon?
A) Modern English novels
B) Political manifestos
C) Science journals
D) Esoteric texts
- 68. Into which language has the Chinese Buddhist Canon been translated in full in the modern era?
A) Sanskrit
B) Pali
C) Gandhari
D) Korean
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