- 1. What does the term 'de jure' segregation refer to?
A) Separation based on personal preference only
B) Separation that occurs without legal sanction
C) Separation that ended before the Civil War
D) Separation mandated by law
- 2. In what year were the U.S. Armed Forces desegregated?
A) 1954
B) 1964
C) 1896
D) 1948
- 3. Which Supreme Court case established the 'separate but equal' doctrine?
A) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
B) Plessy v. Ferguson
C) Dred Scott v. Sandford
D) Brown v. Board of Education
- 4. What was the result of the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford case?
A) Black people were found not to be U.S. citizens
B) The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was upheld
C) Segregation in schools was declared unconstitutional
D) Jim Crow laws were abolished
- 5. Which 1954 court case unanimously overturned segregation in public schools?
A) Civil Rights Cases
B) Dred Scott v. Sandford
C) Plessy v. Ferguson
D) Brown v. Board of Education
- 6. What type of laws prohibited interracial marriage?
A) Black Codes
B) Slave codes
C) Jim Crow laws
D) Anti-miscegenation laws
- 7. What is 'de facto' segregation?
A) Segregation enforced by the military
B) Segregation that exists without legal sanction
C) Segregation mandated by the Supreme Court
D) Segregation mandated by written law
- 8. Which act outlawed de jure segregation in 1964?
A) Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) Fair Housing Act of 1968
C) Civil Rights Act of 1875
D) Voting Rights Act of 1965
- 9. According to the text, what happened to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
A) It was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883
B) It was enforced until 1964
C) It was upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson
D) It mandated desegregation in the armed forces
- 10. Before the Civil War, what were the laws called that mandated separation of races?
A) Anti-miscegenation laws
B) Jim Crow laws
C) Slave codes
D) Black Codes
- 11. Which case helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws?
A) Brown v. Board of Education
B) Dred Scott v. Sandford
C) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
D) Plessy v. Ferguson
- 12. What is one example of a field where de facto segregation continues to exist?
A) Military service
B) Interracial marriage
C) Public transportation
D) Residential segregation
- 13. What were the laws that enforced segregation following the Civil War called?
A) Anti-miscegenation acts
B) Slave codes
C) Civil Rights acts
D) Black Codes and Jim Crow laws
- 14. Who typically led the black units in the U.S. Armed Forces before 1948?
A) White officers
B) Elected officials
C) Civilians
D) Black officers
- 15. What was the nature of educational opportunities for black people during the antebellum era?
A) Restricted
B) Government mandated
C) Abundant
D) Equal to white students
- 16. Which city established the African Free School in the 18th century?
A) Boston
B) Philadelphia
C) New York City
D) New Haven
- 17. Who was jailed for violating a Black Law after opening her school to African American girls?
A) David Daggett
B) Samuel Powers Emlen Jr
C) Richard Humphreys
D) Prudence Crandall
- 18. In which town was the Canterbury Female Boarding School located?
A) Canaan, New Hampshire
B) Canterbury, Connecticut
C) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
D) Boston, Massachusetts
- 19. Who was a co-founder of Yale Law School and opposed schools for African Americans?
A) Samuel Powers Emlen Jr
B) Prudence Crandall
C) David Daggett
D) Richard Humphreys
- 20. Which institution did Richard Humphreys provide funds to establish in Philadelphia?
A) Noyes Academy
B) Canterbury Female Boarding School
C) Institute for Colored Youth
D) African Free School
- 21. Which early school was known for being one of the first to integrate?
A) Shaw University
B) Howard University
C) Oberlin Academy
D) Fisk University
- 22. Who was the California superintendent of schools who expressed opposition to racial integration?
A) Andrew Johnson
B) Andrew Moulder
C) Abraham Lincoln
D) Frederick Douglass
- 23. Until what decade did school and housing segregation last in Colorado?
A) 1880s
B) 1920s
C) 1900s
D) 1960s
- 24. In what year were public schools integrated in Portland, Oregon?
A) 1872
B) 1867
C) 1890
D) 1875
- 25. What amendment ratified in 1870 granted African Americans the right to vote?
A) Fifteenth Amendment
B) Thirteenth Amendment
C) Fourteenth Amendment
D) Sixteenth Amendment
- 26. What happened to public school funding after Southern Democrats regained power in the mid-1870s?
A) They made the schools tuition-free
B) They eliminated public schools entirely
C) They sharply cut funding
D) They increased funding
- 27. Which organization supported the development of Fisk University and Shaw University?
A) The federal government
B) The Republican Party
C) American Missionary Association
D) The Southern Democratic Party
- 28. What was Howard University's status during the post-Civil War period?
A) Public secondary school
B) Private, federally chartered institution
C) State-funded Southern college
D) Missionary primary school
- 29. When did federal troops withdraw from the South, ending Reconstruction?
A) 1867
B) 1910
C) 1890
D) 1877
- 30. What term did Southern conservatives use to describe themselves after regaining control?
A) Republicans
B) Missionaries
C) Redeemers
D) Federalists
- 31. When did Jim Crow segregation begin to appear?
A) 1860s
B) 1920s
C) 1880s
D) 1900s
- 32. By what year was segregation firmly established across the South?
A) 1877
B) 1900
C) 1910
D) 1890
- 33. Approximately how many schools did churches operate for black people across the South in 1900?
A) 46000
B) 100
C) 247
D) 1600
- 34. What phrase was used to describe the legal requirement for separate facilities for different races?
A) Integrated standards
B) Equal opportunity
C) Separate but equal
D) Jim Crow equality
- 35. In 1913, which President allowed the segregation of federal workplaces?
A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) Franklin D. Roosevelt
C) Woodrow Wilson
D) Harry Truman
- 36. What system was used by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation to determine loan eligibility?
A) Property appraisal quotas
B) Redlining maps
C) Zoning ordinances
D) Income tax mapping
- 37. What did the federal government require neighborhood building projects to be in order to be federally backed?
A) Explicitly segregated
B) Integrated by law
C) Economically diverse
D) Affordable for all races
- 38. What were the agreements called that banned white homeowners from selling their homes to Black buyers?
A) Suburban zoning laws
B) Fair housing acts
C) Neighborhood integration pacts
D) Racially restrictive covenants
- 39. What was the term used for the federally-funded housing that replaced homes destroyed by highway construction?
A) Public estates
B) Integrated residential zones
C) The suburbs
D) The projects
- 40. Which agency operated the largest relief program of the New Deal, which also featured segregated units?
A) Federal Housing Administration
B) Works Progress Administration
C) Civilian Conservation Corps
D) National Youth Administration
- 41. Which President issued Executive Order 8802, the first anti-discrimination order at the federal level?
A) Woodrow Wilson
B) Franklin D. Roosevelt
C) Herbert Hoover
D) Harry Truman
- 42. Which President issued Executive Order 9981 to provide for desegregation of the armed forces?
A) Franklin D. Roosevelt
B) Harry Truman
C) Dwight Eisenhower
D) John F. Kennedy
- 43. How many dimensions of residential segregation did Massey and Denton identify in their 1988 study?
A) Seven
B) Five
C) Three
D) Ten
- 44. Which of the following is NOT one of the five dimensions of segregation identified by Massey and Denton?
A) Clustering
B) Evenness
C) Migration
D) Centralization
- 45. What is the phenomenon called when different minority groups are gathered into a single space, often leading to a 'hyperghetto'?
A) Centralization
B) Concentration
C) Evenness
D) Clustering
- 46. Which dimension relates to the actual amount of land a minority group lives on within a city?
A) Evenness
B) Clustering
C) Exposure
D) Concentration
- 47. What event is credited with sparking the modern Civil Rights Movement in December 1955?
A) The march on Washington
B) The passage of the Civil Rights Act
C) The desegregation of schools
D) The Montgomery bus boycott
- 48. When was the first explicit anti-miscegenation law passed in the American colonies?
A) 1776
B) 1691
C) 1858
D) 1924
- 49. What was the subject of the 1958 case involving Mildred and Richard Loving?
A) School segregation
B) Voting rights
C) Public housing access
D) Interracial marriage
- 50. What was the nickname of the 369th Infantry Regiment during World War I?
A) Harlem Hellfighters
B) The Rough Riders
C) The Buffalo Soldiers
D) Tuskegee Airmen
- 51. Which executive order ended segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces?
A) Executive Order 9066
B) Executive Order 9981
C) The Emancipation Proclamation
D) The Civil Rights Act
- 52. Which prison was the subject of the federal court case Gates v. Collier?
A) Alcatraz
B) Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman
C) San Quentin
D) Sing Sing
- 53. What journal was founded in 1960 and is known for publishing scientific racism?
A) The Mankind Quarterly
B) The Southern Review
C) The Heritage Journal
D) The American Academic
- 54. Who introduced a resolution preventing ALA staff from attending segregated state chapter meetings in 1964?
A) The Tougaloo College students
B) The St. Helena Four
C) E. J. Josey
D) Benjamin Tillman
- 55. What library was built by African Americans in Savannah, Georgia, in 1914?
A) East Henry Street Carnegie Library
B) Stuart Training School Library
C) Auburn Regional Library
D) Jackson Public Library
- 56. What practice was used to negate the voting power of African Americans when they voted in significant numbers?
A) Systematic gerrymandering
B) Compulsory military service
C) Direct bribery
D) Exclusion from public parks
- 57. What was the name of the group of teenagers who attempted to use the Auburn Regional Library in Louisiana?
A) The St. Helena Four
B) The Carnegie Activists
C) The Palm Beach Group
D) The Tougaloo Nine
- 58. Which city is mentioned as a former sundown town where Martin Luther King Jr. marched?
A) Cicero, Illinois
B) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
C) Boston, Massachusetts
D) Seattle, Washington
- 59. Which state went further than Southern states by excluding blacks from entering or owning property?
A) Indiana
B) Illinois
C) Oregon
D) New Jersey
- 60. In what decade did restrictive covenants become widespread?
A) 1840s
B) 1900s
C) 1920s
D) 1950s
- 61. What organization led lawsuits in the 1940s that depleted school segregation in several Northern states?
A) Abolitionist societies
B) Congress of Industrial Organizations
C) Vigilance committees
D) NAACP
- 62. What percentage of housing projects built after World War II were racially restricted by covenants?
A) Ninety percent
B) Twenty-five percent
C) Fifty percent
D) Ten percent
- 63. What did Northern blacks develop to protect their communities from violence and hostility?
A) Labor unions
B) State militias
C) Restrictive covenants
D) Vigilance committees
- 64. Which state officially repealed its school segregation law in 1949?
A) New York
B) Oregon
C) Indiana
D) Massachusetts
- 65. What was the approximate black population percentage in Oregon as of 2017?
A) 10%
B) 5%
C) 20%
D) 2%
- 66. What type of job opportunities were often denied to blacks in the North?
A) Agricultural labor
B) Unskilled factory work
C) Skilled building trades
D) Domestic service
- 67. Which group was primarily targeted by racial segregation in Alaska?
A) Alaska Natives
B) Asian immigrants
C) European laborers
D) African Americans
- 68. Who was the Tlingit woman who argued against segregation to Alaska's governor in 1941?
A) Elizabeth Peratrovich
B) Rosa Parks
C) Harriet Tubman
D) Alberta Schenck
- 69. In 1944, who staged a sit-in at a whites-only theater in Nome, Alaska?
A) Elizabeth Peratrovich
B) Jack Johnson
C) Alberta Schenck
D) Kenny Washington
- 70. In what sport was segregation enforced starting in 1900, despite previous success by African American jockeys?
A) Baseball
B) Boxing
C) Basketball
D) Horse racing
- 71. Which boxer became the first African American to win the World Heavyweight Title in 1908?
A) Max Schmeling
B) Joe Louis
C) Muhammad Ali
D) Jack Johnson
- 72. Who was the first African American to play for a professional football team in 1904?
A) Kenny Washington
B) Charles Follis
C) Woody Strode
D) Marion Motley
- 73. In what year did the NFL completely segregate its league after previously having a limited integration policy?
A) 1920
B) 1946
C) 1904
D) 1933
- 74. Which team did Jackie Robinson join in 1947, breaking the baseball color line?
A) Chicago Studebakers
B) Cleveland Browns
C) Shelby Blues
D) Brooklyn Dodgers
- 75. What was a major consequence of efforts to desegregate public swimming pools during the mid-20th century?
A) All swimming pools became integrated
B) Swimming pools were privatized
C) New swimming programs were mandated
D) Many municipalities closed their facilities
- 76. The PGA of America had a bylaws article restricting membership to which group until 1961?
A) The African American race
B) North American citizens
C) Amateur golfers only
D) The Caucasian race
- 77. How many states had no segregation laws in effect by the end of 1949?
A) 15
B) 20
C) 18
D) 30
- 78. What is the most common and devastating form of redlining?
A) Access to public transportation
B) Internet service provision
C) Grocery store placement
D) Mortgage discrimination
- 79. Which area of life is racial segregation most pronounced in the United States?
A) Transportation
B) Education
C) Housing
D) Employment
- 80. What is the practice called when real estate agents make assumptions about where a client should live based on their race?
A) Gentrification
B) Steering
C) Redlining
D) White flight
- 81. Who argues that persistent segregation supports the use of African American English while endangering its speakers?
A) Arthur Spears
B) Massey and Denton
C) William Labov
D) The US Census Bureau
- 82. What term have some sociologists used to describe the persistence of residential segregation?
A) Economic displacement
B) Cultural ghettoization
C) Systemic inequality
D) Hypersegregation
- 83. Which group experiences the least amount of residential segregation according to the text?
A) Hispanics
B) African Americans
C) Native Americans
D) Asians
- 84. What is a result of businesses leaving segregated neighborhoods?
A) Higher property values
B) Increased tax base
C) Job shortage
D) Better educational funding
- 85. According to the text, what has been the trend of residential segregation since 1980?
A) Total elimination
B) Stagnation
C) Overall increase
D) Overall decline
- 86. What is a common discriminatory practice landlords use to favor one race over another?
A) Hostile greeting
B) Lying about housing availability
C) Mandatory background checks for everyone
D) Providing free moving services
- 87. When did the first meeting to establish black-owned banks take place?
A) 1851
B) 1903
C) 1888
D) 1890
- 88. Approximately how many black-owned banks were created during the peak growth period mentioned?
A) 20
B) 35
C) 5
D) 60
- 89. What was the expected life span of black-owned banks during the period when many were closing?
A) Twenty years
B) Five years
C) Nine years
D) Thirty-five years
- 90. What challenge did African Americans face after migrating to northern urban areas?
A) Extreme climate conditions
B) High tax rates
C) High unemployment rates
D) Lack of transportation
- 91. According to Gregory D. Squires, what industry has been affected by race for a long time?
A) Agriculture
B) Technology
C) Telecommunications
D) Insurance
- 92. Who refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus, sparking a challenge to segregation?
A) James Farmer
B) Martin Luther King Jr.
C) Robert F. Kennedy
D) Rosa Parks
- 93. In 1961, what was the name of the mixed-race group that traveled on buses from D.C. to New Orleans?
A) Civil Rights Crusaders
B) Interstate Travelers
C) Freedom Riders
D) Equality Marchers
- 94. Which U.S. attorney general eventually urged the Interstate Commerce Commission to desegregate bus facilities?
A) John F. Kennedy
B) Robert F. Kennedy
C) James Farmer
D) Ronald Reagan
- 95. What is the primary factor often used by real estate agents to entice white buyers into areas surrounding the inner city?
A) Property tax rates
B) Public transportation access
C) Proximity to parks
D) School racial composition
- 96. Who wrote the 2005 book 'The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America'?
A) James Farmer
B) Roland G. Fryer Jr.
C) Jonathan Kozol
D) Eric Hanushek
- 97. What is the term used to describe when racial groups in specific areas are affected more frequently by disease?
A) Epidemic injustice
B) Health disparity
C) Social isolation
D) Environmental racism
- 98. Which infectious disease is specifically mentioned as spreading more frequently due to overcrowded living conditions?
A) Pneumonia
B) Malaria
C) Influenza
D) Tuberculosis
- 99. What is one reason healthcare is not accessible to many inner-city residents?
A) Lack of medical interest
B) High quality of local clinics
C) Geographic location
D) Government bans
- 100. As of 1993, how much more likely were young African American men to be shot to death than their white peers?
A) Eleven times more likely
B) Twice as likely
C) Five times more likely
D) Nine times more likely
|