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History of general relativity - Quiz
Contributed by: Lindsay
  • 1. According to Kip Thorne, what timeframe defines the 'golden age of black hole research'?
A) 1950 to 1965
B) 1960 to 1975
C) 1970 to 1985
D) 1955 to 1970
  • 2. Which field moved into the mainstream of theoretical physics during the golden age?
A) General relativity
B) Quantum mechanics
C) Thermodynamics
D) Classical electromagnetism
  • 3. Which scientific concept was introduced during the golden age of black hole research?
A) Plate tectonics
B) Gravitational singularities
C) Quantum entanglement
D) Atomic fission
  • 4. What theory became well established alongside general relativity during the golden age?
A) Big Bang
B) Inflationary model
C) Steady State theory
D) String theory
  • 5. Who wrote the book 'Cracking the Einstein Code'?
A) Kip Thorne
B) Roy Kerr
C) Andrzej Trautman
D) Fulvio Melia
  • 6. Who hosted a relativity conference in Warsaw in 1962?
A) Kip Thorne
B) Roy Kerr
C) Fulvio Melia
D) Andrzej Trautman
  • 7. Which experiment is mentioned as occurring shortly before the golden age of relativity?
A) Michelson–Morley experiment
B) Cavendish experiment
C) Double-slit experiment
D) Pound–Rebka experiment
  • 8. Who contributed an Afterword to the book 'Cracking the Einstein Code'?
A) Andrzej Trautman
B) Albert Einstein
C) Kip Thorne
D) Roy Kerr
  • 9. Before the golden age, how was general relativity primarily regarded?
A) As a failed hypothesis
B) As a branch of chemistry
C) As a mainstream theory
D) As a curiosity
  • 10. In what city was the 1962 relativity conference hosted?
A) Warsaw
B) London
C) Berlin
D) Paris
  • 11. What is the name of the solution for a spherically symmetric charged object?
A) Kerr
B) Schwarzschild
C) Reissner–Nordström
D) Kerr–Newman
  • 12. Who published a proof in 1957 that black holes are called for by the Schwarzschild solution?
A) Arthur Stanley Eddington
B) Albert Einstein
C) Martin Kruskal
D) Roy Kerr
  • 13. What was the first piece of evidence in support of general relativity?
A) Gravitational waves
B) Precession of Mercury's orbit
C) Black hole imaging
D) Deflection of light by the Sun
  • 14. In what year did Eddington conduct his expedition to confirm the deflection of light?
A) 1919
B) 1957
C) 1915
D) 2015
  • 15. When was the first observation of gravitational waves made?
A) 2019
B) 1957
C) 2015
D) 1919
  • 16. What was the subject of the first image of a black hole, published in 2019?
A) A binary pulsar
B) Mercury
C) Messier 87
D) The Sun
  • 17. Which theory is also known as scalar–tensor theory?
A) Rosen's bimetric theory
B) Brans–Dicke
C) String theory
D) Loop quantum gravity
  • 18. What phenomenon led to the refutation of Rosen's bimetric theory?
A) Solar eclipses
B) Quantum mechanics
C) Binary pulsars
D) Global positioning system
  • 19. What is the theoretical framework that attempts to unite general relativity and quantum mechanics?
A) Scalar–tensor theory
B) Bimetric theory
C) The Schwarzschild solution
D) Quantum gravity
  • 20. Which property defines the Kerr–Newman solution?
A) Rotating and charged
B) Spherically symmetric and neutral
C) Non-rotating and charged
D) Spherically symmetric and rotating
  • 21. How does Brans–Dicke theory compare to general relativity when ω = ∞?
A) They are the same
B) They are incompatible
C) Brans–Dicke is more accurate
D) General relativity is more accurate
  • 22. What do gravitational waves represent?
A) Changes in quantum gravity
B) Particles emitted by binary pulsars
C) Ripples in the curvature of spacetime
D) Energy released by the GPS system
  • 23. Which event provided data that ruled out many alternatives to general relativity?
A) Neutron-star merger GW170817
B) The discovery of the Reissner–Nordström solution
C) The 1919 solar eclipse
D) The death of Einstein
  • 24. Why does general relativity face challenges regarding its consistency?
A) It fails to explain the precession of Mercury
B) It contradicts the GPS system
C) It is inconsistent with quantum mechanics
D) It does not predict gravitational waves
  • 25. Who lent his prestige to champion Einstein's work in Britain?
A) Sir Arthur Eddington
B) Alexander Friedmann
C) Edwin Hubble
D) Karl Schwarzschild
  • 26. Who famously asked Eddington if he was one of the three people who understood general relativity?
A) Edwin Hubble
B) Ludwik Silberstein
C) Albert Einstein
D) Georges Lemaître
  • 27. Who discovered the first exact solution for a spherically symmetric spacetime?
A) Georges Lemaître
B) Karl Schwarzschild
C) Alexander Friedmann
D) Sir Arthur Eddington
  • 28. In what year did Karl Schwarzschild publish his exact solution?
A) 1922
B) 1915
C) 1929
D) 1916
  • 29. Who found a solution in 1922 showing the universe could expand or contract?
A) Karl Schwarzschild
B) Sir Arthur Eddington
C) Edwin Hubble
D) Alexander Friedmann
  • 30. What did Einstein add to his field equations to maintain a static universe?
A) The cosmological constant
B) A perturbation variable
C) A spherical coordinate system
D) Non-linear tensors
  • 31. Who provided evidence for the expansion of the universe in 1929?
A) Karl Schwarzschild
B) Edwin Hubble
C) Alexander Friedmann
D) Georges Lemaître
  • 32. How did Einstein describe the inclusion of the cosmological constant later in his career?
A) The pinnacle of scientific thinking
B) An unnecessary approximation
C) The biggest blunder
D) A brilliant masterstroke
  • 33. How was the cosmological constant described at the time of its addition?
A) A fundamental requirement
B) An ad hoc hypothesis
C) A proven necessity
D) A common variable
  • 34. What kind of spacetime geometry does the Schwarzschild solution describe?
A) A static, linear universe
B) Spherically symmetric
C) A non-massive, flat space
D) An unstable, expanding universe
  • 35. What celestial body's precession did Einstein's early field equations correctly predict?
A) Mars
B) Venus
C) Jupiter
D) Mercury
  • 36. On what date did Einstein present his updated field equations to the Prussian Academy of Sciences?
A) 15 November 1915
B) 25 October 1915
C) 25 November 1915
D) 1 January 1916
  • 37. What does the symbol R represent in the final Einstein field equations?
A) Riemann curvature
B) Radius of the universe
C) Ricci scalar
D) Ricci tensor
  • 38. What does the symbol g represent in the final Einstein field equations?
A) Gravitational constant
B) Metric tensor
C) Geodesic path
D) Gradient vector
  • 39. Who was the German mathematician that Einstein corresponded with during his work on general relativity?
A) Werner Heisenberg
B) David Hilbert
C) Max Planck
D) Gustav Mie
  • 40. Whose ideas formed the basis of the unified field theory that Hilbert was working on?
A) Isaac Newton
B) James Clerk Maxwell
C) Gustav Mie
D) Bernhard Riemann
  • 41. What method did Hilbert use to derive the theory of general relativity?
A) A variational principle
B) Empirical observation only
C) Euclidean postulates
D) Inductive reasoning
  • 42. Which mathematician introduced Einstein to Riemannian geometry in 1912?
A) Marcel Grossmann
B) Hendrik Lorentz
C) Tullio Levi-Civita
D) Paul Ehrenfest
  • 43. Which mathematician recommended that Einstein explore the use of general covariance?
A) Marcel Grossmann
B) Max Born
C) Tullio Levi-Civita
D) Willem de Sitter
  • 44. Which Dutch physicist helped Einstein's work reach the UK and US during World War I?
A) Marcel Grossmann
B) Hendrik Lorentz
C) Arthur Stanley Eddington
D) Max Born
  • 45. Where was the solar spectroscopic analysis that failed to show gravitational redshift in 1917 published?
A) Leiden University
B) ETH Zurich
C) Lick Observatory
D) Mount Wilson Observatory
  • 46. Which physicist described general relativity as the 'greatest feat of human thinking about nature'?
A) Paul Dirac
B) Albert Einstein
C) Max Born
D) Tullio Levi-Civita
  • 47. What was the name of the movement started by German physicists who resented Einstein's fame?
A) General Covariance Movement
B) Modern Physics Union
C) Riemannian Physics
D) Deutsche Physik
  • 48. What argument did Einstein use in 1913 to abandon the approach of general covariance?
A) The solar eclipse contradiction
B) The redshift paradox
C) The curvature inconsistency
D) The hole argument
  • 49. How long did Einstein travel to the Netherlands regularly to lecture as an Extraordinary Professor?
A) Fifteen years
B) Five years
C) Ten years
D) Three years
  • 50. What role did Einstein accept at ETH Zurich in 1912?
A) Research assistant
B) Lecturer
C) Dean
D) Professorship
  • 51. Which physicist called general relativity 'probably the greatest scientific discovery ever made'?
A) Max Born
B) Paul Dirac
C) Arthur Stanley Eddington
D) Willem de Sitter
  • 52. Who developed the theory of general relativity?
A) Henri Poincaré
B) Isaac Newton
C) Albert Einstein
D) Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
  • 53. Over what time period did Einstein develop general relativity?
A) 1910-1920
B) 1905-1912
C) 1900-1910
D) 1907-1915
  • 54. Who proposed the first relativistic theory of gravity in 1905?
A) Henri Poincaré
B) Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
C) Charles D. Perrine
D) Albert Einstein
  • 55. What did Einstein call his realization in 1907 that the principle of relativity could be extended to gravitational fields?
A) The equivalence principle
B) His happiest thought
C) The Big Bang theory
D) The rotating disk experiment
  • 56. In Einstein's 1911 thought experiment, what was indistinguishable from an unchanging gravitational field?
A) A freefalling observer
B) A stationary light source
C) A rotating turntable
D) A uniformly accelerated box
  • 57. What German astronomer publicized Einstein's challenge regarding light deflection?
A) Charles D. Perrine
B) Henri Poincaré
C) Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
D) W. W. Campbell
  • 58. Who was the first astronomer to make a dedicated attempt to observe light deflection to test Einstein's prediction?
A) Arthur Eddington
B) Albert Einstein
C) Charles D. Perrine
D) Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
  • 59. What stopped the observations of the 1912 eclipse in Brazil?
A) Outbreak of World War I
B) Technical error in calculation
C) Equipment failure
D) Heavy rain
  • 60. Which geometry did Einstein study to formulate general relativity as a theory of curved spacetime?
A) Newtonian geometry
B) Special relativistic geometry
C) Riemannian geometry
D) Euclidean geometry
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