- 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Methodology
B) Criminal Typology
C) Police Operations
D) Ethical Standards
- 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Predictive Modeling
B) Experimental Approach
C) Descriptive Research
D) Operational Policing
- 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Predictive Studies
B) Descriptive Studies
C) Forensic Analysis
D) Comparative Research
- 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Action Research
B) Penal Code Interpretation
C) Field Surveying
D) Correlation Studies
- 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Tactical Investigation
B) Phenomenological Studies
C) Forensic Evaluation
D) Administrative Profiling
- 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Retributive Justice
B) Phenomenology
C) Rational Choice Theory
D) Social Learning Theory
- 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Case Studies
B) Criminal Profiling
C) Court Hearings
D) Legal Drafting
- 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
B) Legal Review
C) Narrative Inquiry
D) Conflict Resolution
- 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Field Audit
B) Ethnographic Study
C) Experimental Research
D) Policy Monitoring
- 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Recursive Sampling
B) Quasi-Experimental Design
C) Procedural Audit
D) Historical Mapping
- 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Longitudinal Studies
C) Cross-Sectional Study
D) Case Study
- 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Correlation Research
B) Cross-Sectional Studies
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Experimental Study
- 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Phenomenological Research
C) Experimental Research
D) Case Study
- 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Experimental Design
B) Cross-Sectional Research
C) Historical Research
D) Experimental Design
- 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Case Study
B) Phenomenology
C) Mixed-Methods Research
D) Longitudinal Research
- 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Applied Research
B) Evaluative Research
C) Basic Research
D) Explanatory Research
- 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Historical Study
B) Basic Research
C) Phenomenological Research
D) Applied Research
- 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Predictive Research
B) Evaluative Research
C) Explanatory Research
D) Descriptive Research
- 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Case Study
B) Longitudinal Research
C) Ethnographic Study
D) Comparative Research
- 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Correlation Study
B) Predictive Research
C) Descriptive Research
D) Experimental Research
- 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Design
B) Sampling Technique
C) Research Instrument
D) Conceptual Framework
- 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Sampling Technique
C) Regression Analysis
D) Trend Analysis
- 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Cluster
B) Subgroup
C) Sample
D) Population
- 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Cluster
B) Population
C) Variable
D) Sample
- 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Probability Sampling
- 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
- 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Simple Random Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
- 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Probability Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
- 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Population
C) Research Instrument
D) Sampling Technique
- 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Coding Sheet
B) Tabulation Chart
C) Questionnaire
D) Interview Schedule
- 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Research Design
B) Literature Review
C) Interview Schedule
D) Questionnaire
- 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Tabulation
D) Content Analysis
- 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression Analysis
C) Reliability
D) Validity
- 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) Content Validity
- 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Content Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Reliability
D) Construct Validity
- 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Construct Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Content Validity
D) Internal Validity
- 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Internal Validity
B) External Validity
C) Reliability
D) Content Validity
- 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Internal Validity
B) Content Validity
C) External Validity
D) Criterion Validity
- 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Frequency Analysis
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Regression Analysis
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Descriptive Statistics
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
- 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Frequency
B) Standard Deviation
C) Median
D) Mean
- 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Median
B) Frequency
C) Mode
D) Mean
- 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mode
C) Mean
D) Median
- 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Mode
C) Mean
D) Standard Deviation
- 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Coding Sheet
C) Standard Deviation
D) Regression Table
- 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Standard Deviation
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Correlation Coefficient
- 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Correlation Study
B) Inferential Analysis
C) Descriptive Study
D) Regression Analysis
- 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Data Cleaning
C) Trend Analysis
D) Pilot Testing
- 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Variable
B) Hypothesis
C) Scope
D) Research Problem
- 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Assumption
B) Research Framework
C) Problem Identification
D) Literature Review
- 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Research Design
B) Problem Definition
C) Operational Definition
D) Theoretical Framework
- 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Hypothesis
B) Research Design
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Assumption
- 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Descriptive Statement
B) Predictive Statement
C) Null Hypothesis
D) Alternative Hypothesis
- 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Descriptive Study
C) Explanatory Research
D) Null Hypothesis
- 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Conceptualization
B) Research Framework
C) Literature Review
D) Operational Definition
- 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Variable Analysis
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Problem
- 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Literature Review
B) Research Design
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Theoretical Framework
- 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Assumptions
B) Hypothesis
C) Population
D) Variables
- 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Assumption
B) Scope
C) Independent Variable
D) Dependent Variable
- 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Hypothesis
B) Independent Variable
C) Delimitation
D) Dependent Variable
- 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Research Problem
B) Operational Definition
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Conceptual Framework
- 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Pilot Testing
B) Literature Review
C) Data Cleaning
D) Regression Analysis
- 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Conceptual Sources
B) Primary Sources
C) Secondary Sources
D) Operational Data
- 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Research Instruments
B) Secondary Sources
C) Primary Sources
D) Conceptual Frameworks
- 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Tabulation
B) Literature Review
C) Conceptualization
D) Coding
- 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Scope of Study
B) Delimitation
C) Assumption
D) Hypothesis
- 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Assumptions
B) Hypothesis
C) Variables
D) Pilot Test
- 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Scope of the Study
B) Delimitation
C) Research Framework
D) Variables
- 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Research Ethics
C) Transparency
D) Risk Assessment
- 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Debriefing
C) Confidentiality
D) Informed Consent
- 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Anonymity
B) Confidentiality
C) Integrity
D) Data Security
- 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Confidentiality
B) Privacy Rights
C) Anonymity
D) Voluntary Participation
- 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Integrity
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Beneficence
D) Justice
- 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Beneficence
B) Justice
C) Non-Maleficence
D) Transparency
- 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Transparency
B) Coercion
C) Beneficence
D) Justice
- 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Anonymity
B) Informed Consent
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Confidentiality
- 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Transparency
C) Data Security
D) Integrity
- 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Debriefing
B) Coercion
C) Misrepresentation
D) Plagiarism
- 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Transparency
B) Integrity
C) Coercion
D) Plagiarism
- 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Debriefing
C) Confidentiality
D) Informed Consent
- 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Integrity
B) Research Ethics
C) Ethical Clearance
D) Informed Consent
- 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Integrity
B) Beneficence
C) Risk Assessment
D) Code of Ethics
- 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Data Security
B) Ethical Clearance
C) Plagiarism
D) Risk Assessment
- 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Sample Group
B) Vulnerable Participants
C) Population
D) Voluntary Participants
- 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Coercion
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Beneficence
D) Transparency
- 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Anonymity
B) Data Security
C) Confidentiality
D) Privacy Rights
- 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Transparency
B) Confidentiality
C) Beneficence
D) Integrity
- 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Coercion
B) Transparency
C) Misrepresentation
D) Plagiarism
- 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Tabulation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Data Analysis
- 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Coding
B) Data Cleaning
C) Data Interpretation
D) Trend Analysis
- 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Coding
B) Tabulation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
- 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Coding
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Presentation
D) Data Cleaning
- 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Cleaning
C) Coding
D) Tabulation
- 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Correlation Coefficient
C) Statistical Treatment
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Conclusion
B) Tabulation
C) Interpretation
D) Findings
- 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Findings
B) Interpretation
C) Data Presentation
D) Conclusion
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