A) Study of government laws only B) Study of punishment only C) Scientific study of crime and criminal behavior D) Study of police equipment
A) Jeremy Bentham B) Cesare Beccaria C) Edwin Sutherland D) Cesare Lombroso
A) Enrico Ferri B) Cesare Lombroso C) Raffaele Garofalo D) Cesare Beccaria
A) Raffaele Garofalo B) Edwin Sutherland C) Travis Hirschi D) Jeremy Bentham
A) Business management B) Criminal behavior and crime C) Political campaigns D) Weather conditions
A) Penology B) Victimology C) Anthropology D) Sociology
A) Victimology B) Biology C) Penology D) Psychology
A) Any act considered impolite B) Any behavior disliked by a person C) Any violation of family rules D) An act or omission punishable by law
A) Only a serious criminal offense B) A police investigation C) A court judgment D) Behavior that violates social norms
A) Committing a crime for the first time B) Reporting a crime C) Becoming a crime victim D) Returning to criminal behavior
A) Chemistry B) Astronomy C) Physics D) Sociology
A) Geology B) Psychology C) Political science D) Economics
A) Philosophy B) Biology C) Sociology D) History
A) It uses knowledge from several academic fields B) It focuses only on police officers C) It studies laws only D) It excludes social sciences
A) Increase criminal opportunities B) Reduce the likelihood of crime C) Eliminate all courts D) Punish every suspicious person
A) Increasing punishment in every case B) Preventing victims from reporting crimes C) Helping offenders change and reintegrate into society D) Ignoring criminal behavior
A) Encouraging criminal activity B) Studying fingerprints C) Removing criminal laws D) Discouraging crime through the threat or experience of sanctions
A) Any unusual behavior B) Any violation of fashion trends C) Any disagreement D) Behavior that violates criminal law
A) The rehabilitation of offenders B) The study of police ranks C) The process of sentencing judges D) The process of becoming a victim of crime or harm
A) Understanding crime patterns and causes B) Designing buildings C) Studying planets D) Predicting the weather
A) Chicago School B) Positivist School C) Biological School D) Classical School
A) Classical School B) Legal School C) Historical School D) Positivist School
A) Raffaele Garofalo B) Enrico Ferri C) Cesare Beccaria D) Cesare Lombroso
A) 1764 B) 1804 C) 1750 D) 1789
A) Robert Merton B) Cesare Lombroso C) Edwin Sutherland D) Jeremy Bentham
A) Free will alone B) Economic inequality alone C) Social learning alone D) Biological characteristics associated with criminality
A) Travis Hirschi B) Jeremy Bentham C) Enrico Ferri D) Cesare Beccaria
A) Robert Merton B) Jeremy Bentham C) Raffaele Garofalo D) Edwin Sutherland
A) Crime is always accidental B) All crime is inherited C) People have no ability to make choices D) People can make choices and consider consequences
A) Unlimited B) Based only on public anger C) Proportionate to the offense D) Based only on public anger
A) Travis Hirschi B) Jeremy Bentham C) Edwin Sutherland D) Cesare Lombroso
A) Promoting the greatest happiness for the greatest number B) Police patrol schedules C) Fingerprint classification D) Biological inheritance
A) Moral School B) Classical School C) Legal School D) Positivist School
A) Individual circumstances may affect responsibility and punishment B) Crime has no consequences C) Punishment should never be imposed D) All offenders are biologically identical
A) Discourage future offending B) Increase social conflict C) Reward criminal behavior D) Discourage future offending
A) Restitution B) General deterrence C) Reintegration D) Rehabilitation
A) General deterrence B) Specific deterrence C) Social disorganization D) Victimology
A) Restorative justice B) Incapacitation C) Retribution D) Rehabilitation
A) Restorative justice B) General deterrence C) Social disorganization D) Biological determinism
A) Crime can be examined through evidence and multiple explanations B) All criminals have the same personality C) Crime is caused by one factor only D) Opinions are more important than evidence
A) Edwin Sutherland B) Travis Hirschi C) Robert Merton D) Cesare Lombroso
A) Crime is always inherited B) Punishment causes all crime C) Crime is unrelated to social interaction D) Criminal behavior can be learned through interaction with others
A) Travis Hirschi B) Jeremy Bentham C) Edwin Sutherland D) Raffaele Garofalo
A) Attachment B) Biological inheritance C) Involvement D) Commitment
A) Poverty, anger, fear, and stress B) Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief C) Biology, climate, geography, and age D) Punishment, prison, trial, and appeal
A) Travis Hirschi B) Cesare Beccaria C) Jeremy Bentham D) Robert K. Merton
A) Police officers change assignments B) All laws are removed C) Everyone has equal access to opportunities D) There is a gap between culturally valued goals and legitimate means
A) Émile Durkheim B) Edwin Sutherland C) Jeremy Bentham D) Cesare Lombroso
A) Punishment is the only cause of crime B) Community conditions and weakened social organization can affect crime C) Crime depends only on an individual's height D) Criminal behavior is always inherited
A) Beccaria and Bentham B) Hirschi and Sutherland C) Lombroso and Garofalo D) Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
A) Punishment is never useful B) All broken windows cause serious crime C) Crime is exclusively genetic D) Visible disorder, if left unaddressed, may contribute to further disorder and crime
A) Beccaria and Bentham B) James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling C) Sutherland and Hirschi D) Shaw and McKay
A) The structure of police vehicles B) How societal labels and reactions may influence identity and behavior C) The biological traits of offenders D) The chemical composition of evidence
A) Jeremy Bentham B) Robert Merton C) Howard S. Becker D) Émile Durkheim
A) All crime results from poverty B) Crime occurs when a motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of a capable guardian converge C) Criminal behavior is always learned at school D) Crime is caused only by biological traits
A) Shaw and McKay B) Lombroso and Ferri C) Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson D) Beccaria and Bentham
A) People never consider consequences B) All crime is accidental C) Criminal behavior cannot be studied D) Offenders may weigh perceived costs and benefits when making decisions
A) Crime occurs only in rural areas B) Power differences and social inequality can shape laws and criminal justice C) Crime has only biological causes D) All laws affect everyone equally in every circumstance
A) Behavior can be learned through observation, imitation, and reinforcement B) Punishment is always ineffective C) Crime is determined only by eye color D) Society has no influence on behavior
A) How offending and related factors change throughout a person's life B) Only crime-scene evidence C) Only prison architecture D) Only juvenile offenses
A) Offenses committed in occupational or professional settings B) Only traffic violations C) Only juvenile delinquency D) Only street fighting
A) Edwin H. Sutherland B) Travis Hirschi C) Jeremy Bentham D) Cesare Beccaria
A) A single accidental mistake B) A lawful neighborhood meeting C) Any disagreement between friends D) Coordinated criminal activity by a group or network
A) Any crime involving paper documents B) Crime committed only in public parks C) Any violation of school rules D) Crime involving computers, digital systems, or networks
A) Only traffic enforcement B) Only corporate fraud C) Unlawful behavior by minors, subject to applicable juvenile justice laws D) Crimes committed exclusively by adults
A) A lawful exchange B) A type of fingerprint C) An accidental injury D) Deception used to obtain an unlawful or unfair benefit
A) Unlawful entry into a building or structure with the legally required criminal intent B) A traffic accident C) Reporting a lost item D) A lawful business transaction
A) Borrowing property with permission B) Losing personal belongings C) Refusing to sign a contract D) Taking property through force or intimidation, as defined by law
A) Unlawfully taking property belonging to another B) Giving property away C) Reporting a missing person D) Damaging a public road
A) Forging a signature B) Unlawfully setting fire to property C) Taking a vehicle without permission D) Making a false statement
A) A crime category based solely on physical violence B) category often associated with occupational or financial wrongdoing C) A police rank D) A type of juvenile court
A) The method or pattern used to carry out an offense B) The police officer's rank C) The sentence imposed by a judge D) The victim's personal history
A) Prove guilt by itself B) Automatically determine a sentence C) Replace all physical evidence D) Infer possible offender characteristics from crime-related information
A) A suspect's clothing style B) A pattern of change in crime over time C) A court's building design D) A single unverified rumor
A) Crimes committed only at night B) Crimes involving black clothing C) Crimes that occur but are not reported to or recorded by authorities D) Crimes committed only in cities
A) A method of collecting fingerprints B) A type of criminal sentence C) A form of police patrol D) A debated concept examining whether a victim's actions contributed to the sequence of events leading to victimization
A) Number of police stations in a city B) Number of courtrooms C) Number of crime-scene photographs D) Re-arrest, reconviction, or reincarceration, depending on the measure used
A) A location used only for training B) A place with no recorded offenses C) A geographic area with a relatively high concentration of crime D) A police headquarters
A) To eliminate the need for courts B) To replace criminal law C) To develop evidence-based understanding of crime D) To prove every suspect guilty
A) A historical textbook B) Information copied from an encyclopedia C) A summary of previous studies only D) Data collected firsthand by the researcher
A) Reading a dictionary B) Conducting a survey with respondents C) Reading a published review article D) Reviewing a textbook
A) Information that has never been recorded B) Only data from interviews C) Existing information originally collected or compiled by others D) Data always collected through experiments
A) A criminal sentence B) A testable statement or prediction about a relationship or phenomenon C) A final court decision D) A police report number
A) A statistical relationship between variables B) A court procedure C) A type of criminal offense D) Proof that one variable causes another in every case
A) Yes, always B) No, because correlation cannot be measured C) Yes, when two variables are measured D) No, correlation alone does not establish causation
A) A subset of a population selected for study B) A research conclusion C) A statistical formula D) The complete population in every study
A) Selecting participants using a chance-based method B) Selecting only people who agree with the researcher C) Selecting participants based on appearance D) Selecting only the researcher's friends
A) Hiding the purpose of a study B) Voluntary agreement after receiving adequate information about participation C) Publishing participants' private information D) Forcing a person to answer a questionnaire
A) Protecting participants' information from unauthorized disclosure B) Allowing anyone to access the raw data C) Publishing respondents' names without permission D) Sharing all participant information publicly
A) Police working without public contact B) Replacing all criminal laws C) Police and community members working together to address public safety concerns D) Punishing all community members
A) Studying offenders' childhoods only B) Eliminating community participation C) Reducing opportunities for crime by changing situations and environments D) Increasing opportunities for offending
A) Ignoring repeated thefts B) Removing security measures C) Leaving valuable property unsecured D) Installing better lighting and access controls in a vulnerable area
A) Paying compensation to a victim B) Conducting a victim survey C) Restricting an offender's ability to commit certain crimes, such as through lawful imprisonment D) Teaching offenders a new skill
A) Removing all community support B) Preventing former offenders from finding lawful work C) Increasing social exclusion permanently D) Supporting a person's return to community life after a period of justice-system involvement
A) Every accused person is automatically guilty B) An accused person is presumed innocent unless guilt is established according to law C) Witness statements are always false D) Police officers determine guilt without a trial
A) Punishing people without legal procedures B) Preventing and responding to crime while administering justice under the law C) Replacing all social institutions D) Deciding cases based only on rumors
A) Applying approaches supported by reliable research and evaluation B) Using the same intervention regardless of results C) Using assumptions instead of data D) Following rumors without verification
A) Learning how to avoid all laws B) Memorizing criminal names only C) Understanding police ranks only D) Improving understanding of crime and supporting effective, fair crime prevention and justice
A) Labeling Theory B) Social Bond Theory C) Conflict Theory D) Routine Activity Theory
A) Differential Association Theory B) Deterrence Theory C) Rational Choice Theory D) Social Disorganization Theory |